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Cell Structure and Function Overview

This document summarizes the structure and function of key cellular components. It describes that the protoplasm is differentiated into the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. The nucleus contains genetic material like chromosomes and is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The cytoplasm contains organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, the cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and a plasma membrane. Each component has a specific structure and function in processes like protein synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular transport and movement, waste removal, and more. Several components like lysosomes, mitochondria and plasma membranes are sensitive to physiological conditions and environmental toxins.

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كسلان اكتب اسمي
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105 views32 pages

Cell Structure and Function Overview

This document summarizes the structure and function of key cellular components. It describes that the protoplasm is differentiated into the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. The nucleus contains genetic material like chromosomes and is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The cytoplasm contains organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, the cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and a plasma membrane. Each component has a specific structure and function in processes like protein synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular transport and movement, waste removal, and more. Several components like lysosomes, mitochondria and plasma membranes are sensitive to physiological conditions and environmental toxins.

Uploaded by

كسلان اكتب اسمي
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Cell Structure and

Function
The protoplasm
• The protoplasm is differentiated into two
parts :
A. nucleoplasm
B. cytoplasm;
• the nucleus is surrounded by Nuclear
membrane.
• Plasma membrane surrounds the
cytoplasm.
a- Nucleoplasm:
• Chromosomes:
 are the main genetic material.
 present in the nucleus.
 are in the form of chromatin.
 appear only when cell dividing.
 set number per species (i.e. 23 pairs for human)
• Nuclear membrane:
Double layers membrane surrounds
nucleus.
controls material exchange between the
cytoplasm and the nucleus.
 It has selective permeability.
• Nucleolus:
1. Spherical in shape
2. Visible when cell is not dividing
3. Contains RNA for protein manufacture
b-Cytoplasm
• Centrioles:
• Paired cylindrical organelles Lie at right angles to
each other near nucleus.
• Composed of nine tubes, each with three tubules.
• Function: Involve in cellular division and cilia
movement
• Chloroplasts:
• A plastid usually found in plant cells
• Contain green chlorophyll where photosynthesis
takes place
• Cytoskeleton:
• Composed of microtubules
• Function:
1. Supports cell
2. provides shape
3. Aids movement of materials in and out of cells
• Endoplasmic reticulum:
• It is of two types:
1. Granular or rough endoplasmic reticulum.
2. Agranular or smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
• Rough type : the ribosomes embedded in surface.
present in : tissues producing proteins like liver and pancreas,
• while Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
• present in: eye retina
• its function:
1. may be sensation.
2. Stores
3. separates,
4. serves as cell's transport system
• Ribosomes:
• Composes 25% of cell's mass.
• Tow types :
1. Stationary type: embedded in rough endoplasmic
reticulum.
2. Mobile type: injects proteins directly into
cytoplasm.
• Golgi apparatus:
• it is a membrane structure found near nucleus.
• It has a fundamental role in production of :
• zymogene (enzymes precursor),
• bile,
• mucous,
• vitamin G and others.
• It is very sensitive to physiological condition of the
animal as vitamin D deficiency and exposure to chemical
such pesticides and phosphorous.
• Lysosome:
• Present in organs cell digestion occurs like:
1. liver,
2. kidney,
3. small intestine.
• Function : Transports undigested material to cell
membrane for removal.
• It is very sensitive to physiological condition as disease
(cancer) and exposure pesticides where it becomes very
little in number.
Mitochondria:

• It present in most tissues.


• the number is constant in cells of the same type.
• Double-layered outer membrane with inner folds called
cristae.
• Energy-producing chemical reactions take place on cristae.
• Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates,
and forms urea
• It is very sensitive to physiological condition as disease and
exposure pesticides cyanide, phosphorous and x-rays.
• Vacuoles:
• Membrane-bound sacs for: storage, digestion, and
waste removal.
• they are Osmotic pressure regulators
• Cell wall:
• Most commonly found in plant cells (cellulose) and in
fungi (chitin).
• Controls turgidity
• Extracellular structure surrounding plasma
membrane
• Plasma membrane:
• Outer membrane of cells that controls cellular traffic
(passage of materials).
• It has property of permeability.
• There are pores in it.
• It is very sensitive to antigen exposure heavy metals,
x-rays and fat solvents that lyse (digest) the
membrane.
Part of the cell Its Sensitivity
Lysosome It is very sensitive to:
 physiological condition as disease
(cancer)
 and exposure pesticides where it
becomes very little in number.

Mitochondria It is very sensitive to :


 physiological condition as disease
 and exposure pesticides cyanide,
phosphorous and,
 x-rays.

Plasma membrane It is very sensitive to :


• antigen exposure heavy metals,
• x-rays and
• fat solvents that lyse (digest) the
membrane.
•Thanks

• Directed by :Hamid Hussein Hamid


• NRU - Batch 13 , December 2017

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