Periodic Relationships Among
the Elements
Chapter 8
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
When the Elements Were Discovered
2
ns2np6
ns1 Ground State Electron Configurations of the Elements
ns2np1
ns2np2
ns2np3
ns2np4
ns2np5
ns2
d10
d1
d5
4f
5f
3
Classification of the Elements
4
Electron Configurations of Cations and Anions
Of Representative Elements
Na [Ne]3s1 Na+ [Ne]
Atoms lose electrons so that
Ca [Ar]4s2 Ca2+ [Ar] cation has a noble-gas outer
electron configuration.
Al [Ne]3s23p1 Al3+ [Ne]
H 1s1 H- 1s2 or [He]
Atoms gain electrons
so that anion has a F 1s22s22p5 F- 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
noble-gas outer
O 1s22s22p4 O2- 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
electron configuration.
N 1s22s22p3 N3- 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
5
Cations and Anions Of Representative Elements
+1
+2
+3
-3
-2
-1
6
Isoelectronic: have the same number of electrons, and
hence the same ground-state electron configuration
Na+: [Ne] Al3+: [Ne] F-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
O2-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne] N3-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
Na+, Al3+, F-, O2-, and N3- are all isoelectronic with Ne
What neutral atom is isoelectronic with H- ?
H-: 1s2 same electron configuration as He
7
Electron Configurations of Cations of Transition Metals
When a cation is formed from an atom of a transition metal,
electrons are always removed first from the ns orbital and
then from the (n 1)d orbitals.
Fe: [Ar]4s23d6 Mn: [Ar]4s23d5
Fe2+: [Ar]4s03d6 or [Ar]3d6 Mn2+: [Ar]4s03d5 or [Ar]3d5
Fe3+: [Ar]4s03d5 or [Ar]3d5
8
Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) is the positive charge felt
by an electron.
Zeff = Z - s 0 < s < Z (s = shielding constant)
Zeff Z number of inner or core electrons
Z Core Zeff Radius (pm)
Na 11 10 1 186
Mg 12 10 2 160
Al 13 10 3 143
Si 14 10 4 132 9
Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff)
increasing Zeff
increasing Zeff
10
Atomic Radii
metallic radius covalent radius
11
12
Trends in Atomic Radii
13
Comparison of Atomic Radii with Ionic Radii
14
Cation is always smaller than atom from
which it is formed.
Anion is always larger than atom from
which it is formed.
15
The Radii (in pm) of Ions of Familiar Elements
16
Chemistry in Action: The 3rd Liquid Element?
117 elements, 2 are liquids at 250C Br2 and Hg
223Fr, t1/2 = 21 minutes
Liquid?
17
Ionization energy is the minimum energy (kJ/mol) required
to remove an electron from a gaseous atom in its ground
state.
I1 + X (g) X+(g) + e- I1 first ionization energy
I2 + X+(g) X2+(g) + e- I2 second ionization energy
I3 + X2+(g) X3+(g) + e- I3 third ionization energy
I1 < I2 < I3
18
19
Variation of the First Ionization Energy with Atomic Number
Filled n=1 shell
Filled n=2 shell
Filled n=3 shell
Filled n=4 shell
Filled n=5 shell
20
General Trends in First Ionization Energies
Increasing First Ionization Energy
Increasing First Ionization Energy
21
Electron affinity is the negative of the energy change that
occurs when an electron is accepted by an atom in the
gaseous state to form an anion.
X (g) + e- X-(g)
F (g) + e- X-(g) DH = -328 kJ/mol EA = +328 kJ/mol
O (g) + e- O-(g) DH = -141 kJ/mol EA = +141 kJ/mol
22
23
Variation of Electron Affinity With Atomic Number (H Ba)
24
Diagonal Relationships on the Periodic Table
25
Group 1A Elements (ns1, n 2)
M M+1 + 1e-
2M(s) + 2H2O(l) 2MOH(aq) + H2(g)
4M(s) + O2(g) 2M2O(s)
Increasing reactivity
26
Group 1A Elements (ns1, n 2)
27
Group 2A Elements (ns2, n 2)
M M+2 + 2e-
Be(s) + 2H2O(l) No Reaction
Mg(s) + 2H2O(g) Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
M(s) + 2H2O(l) M(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) M = Ca, Sr, or Ba
Increasing reactivity
28
Group 2A Elements (ns2, n 2)
29
Group 3A Elements (ns2np1, n 2)
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s)
2Al(s) + 6H+(aq) 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2(g)
30
Group 3A Elements (ns2np1, n 2)
31
Group 4A Elements (ns2np2, n 2)
Sn(s) + 2H+(aq) Sn2+(aq) + H2 (g)
Pb(s) + 2H+(aq) Pb2+(aq) + H2 (g)
32
Group 4A Elements (ns2np2, n 2)
33
Group 5A Elements (ns2np3, n 2)
N2O5(s) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq)
P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)
34
Group 5A Elements (ns2np3, n 2)
35
Group 6A Elements (ns2np4, n 2)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
36
Group 6A Elements (ns2np4, n 2)
37
Group 7A Elements (ns2np5, n 2)
X + 1e- X-1
X2(g) + H2(g) 2HX(g)
Increasing reactivity
38
Group 7A Elements (ns2np5, n 2)
39
Group 8A Elements (ns2np6, n 2)
Completely filled ns and np subshells.
Highest ionization energy of all elements.
No tendency to accept extra electrons.
40
Compounds of the Noble Gases
A number of xenon compounds XeF4, XeO3,
XeO4, XeOF4 exist.
A few krypton compounds (KrF2, for example)
have been prepared.
41
Comparison of Group 1A and 1B
The metals in these two groups have similar outer
electron configurations, with one electron in the
outermost s orbital.
Chemical properties are quite different due to difference
in the ionization energy.
Lower I1, more reactive
42
Properties of Oxides Across a Period
basic acidic
43
Chemistry in Action: Discovery of the Noble Gases
Sir William Ramsay
44
