Preliminary Wastewater Treatment

Top View Proportional Weir

Grit Chamber

Bar Rack / Screens

Trunk Sewer To Sump Well

Rectangular Open Channel

Ground Level Front View

Grit Collection
 Example Problem
Proportional Weir
Design a proportional weir to be fitted at the
downstream end of rectangular grit chamber
cross-section of width 2.5 m. The grit
chamber is designed for a flow of 0.30 m3/s
(~26 MLD).

Solution :
x H Flow across a proportional weir is given by
the formula, Q [CW . 2.g .K ].H
h
Where, Q = Flow in m3 / s
H = Depth of flow, m
Cw = weir coefficient = 0.98
75 mm K = Constant
75 mm
g = 9.81 m /s2

W = 2.X
Let the height of flow (H) at 0.3 m3/s be 0.500 m.
Since, Q [CW . 2.g .K ].H , K = 0.138
K
In a proportional weir, x
2. H
Design Calculations:

x (m) h (m) Q (m3/s) W (m) V (m/s)

0.098 0.500 0.300 2.5 0.24

0.100 0.475 0.285 2.5 0.24

0.103 0.450 0.270 2.5 0.24

0.106 0.425 0.255 2.5 0.24

Weir Profile
0.109 0.400 0.240 2.5 0.24

0.113 0.375 0.225 2.5 0.24 0.6

0.117 0.350 0.210 2.5 0.24

0.5

0.121 0.325 0.195 2.5 0.24

0.4
0.126 0.300 0.180 2.5 0.24

0.132 0.275 0.165 2.5 0.24 0.3

0.138 0.250 0.150 2.5 0.24

0.2

0.146 0.225 0.135 2.5 0.24

0.1
0.155 0.200 0.120 2.5 0.24

0.165 0.175 0.105 2.5 0.24 0.0

-1.25 -1.00 -0.75 -0.50 -0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
0.178 0.150 0.090 2.5 0.24

0.195 0.125 0.075 2.5 0.24

0.219 0.100 0.060 2.5 0.24

0.252 0.075 0.045 2.5 0.24

0.309 0.050 0.030 2.5 0.24

0.437 0.025 0.015 2.5 0.24

1.249 0.003 0.002 2.5 0.24

Sump Well

Pump House
Sewage Pumps
Rising Main

~ 10 m

From Grit Chamber

1m

Well Diameter: 3 5 m

Water Level in Well: 2-3 m 2-3 m

Total Depth: 10 17 m

By - pass to River
35m
Equalization Tank (Flow Equalization) Time of
Day
Flow Cumulative Flow

0-1 0.9Q 0.9Q

Equalization 1-2 0.7Q 1.6Q

Variable Flow Tank Constant Flow 2-3 0.5Q 2.1Q

(from sump well) (to PST) 3-4 0.4Q 2.5Q
4-5 0.3Q 2.8Q

In- Line Equalization 5-6 0.3Q 3.1Q

6-7 0.4Q 3.5Q

Variable Flow Constant Flow 7-8 0.7Q 4.2Q

8-9 1.1Q 5.3Q
Inflow Outflow 9-10 1.6Q 6.7Q
10-11 1.4Q 8.1Q
11-12 1.4Q 9.5Q
Equalization
Tank 12-13 1.3Q 10.9Q
13-14 1.2Q 12.2Q
14-15 1.2Q 13.4Q
Off - Line Equalization 15-16 1.1Q 14.5Q
16-17 1.1Q 15.6Q
17-18 1.1Q 16.7Q
Determination of Equalization Tank Volume
18-19 1.1Q 17.8Q
19-20 1.2Q 19.0Q
Equalization Tank
20-21 1.3Q 20.3Q
Volume
21-22 1.3Q 21.6Q
Cumulative
Flow 22-23 1.2Q 22.8Q
23-24 1.2Q 24Q
Total 24Q
Time of day (0 23 hours) Q = Ultimate Maximum Flow
Preliminary and Primary Wastewater Treatment

from Trunk
Sewer
BR-1 BR-2 BR-3 GC SW EQ PST

Secondary Treatment

Primary Sedimentation for Wastewater Treatment

Exactly same as primary sedimentation for water treatment in most respects

However,
1. Particles removed in this case are mostly organic particles of density 1200 kg/m3

2. SOR = 32 m3/m2/d, organic particles: 60 mm, inorganic particles: 20 mm

3. SOR = 48 m3/m2/d, organic particles: 75 mm, inorganic particles: 25 mm

4. Type II settling, hence smaller particles are also removed

5. SS removal: 50 70 %
6. BOD5 removal: 25 40 %
Bacterial Consumption of Organic Carbon

C6 H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H 2O

Oxygen Oxygen
Transfer Transfer

Bacteria (X) added

Sterilized Tap Water Sterilized Tap Water

Glucose: BOD5 (S) = 50 mg/L Glucose: BOD5 (S) = 50 mg/L

Nitrate, Phosphate Nitrate, Phosphate

Nothing Happens Glucose is consumed

in a few hours
Organic Matter (S)

O2

Enzyme Energy + CO2 +H2O

Respiration
Biomass (X)
Heat
 Microbial Growth Curve

X, mg/L S, mg/L

Low Growth Phase

Oxygen
Transfer
Time, hours

Exponential Declining
Lag Growth Growth Endogenous
Phase Phase Phase Phase
Bacteria (X) added

Sterilized Tap Water

Glucose: BOD5 (S) = 50 mg/L

Nitrate, Phosphate

Glucose is consumed
in a few hours
 Microbial Growth: Definitions and Relations
X = Biomass Concentration, mg/L
dX dX dX
S = Substrate Concentration, mg/L dt dt dt
G T E

dS dX dS
= Substrate Utilization Rate, mg/L/d dt YT . dt
dt T

dS
dt / X q = Specific Substrate Utilization Rate, /d YT = Yield Coefficient, mg X produced (gross) / mg S consumed

dX dS dX
dX dt / X YT . dt / X dt / X
dt = Gross Biomass Growth Rate, mg/L/d G E
T

dX
dt = Net Biomass Growth Rate, mg/L/d
G
m YT .q k d
dX
dt / X m = Specific Net Biomass Growth Rate, /d
G

dX Monods Kinetics
dt = Biomass Decay Rate, mg/L/d
E

qmax
dX
dt / X k d = Specific Biomass Decay Rate, /d
E q, /d
q max .S
When S is large (S >> Ks), q = qmax and hence, m = mmax (1/2).qmax
q
Ks S
When S is small (S << Ks), q = [qmax/Ks].S
Ks
When m = 0, q = kd/YT
S, mg/L
When q < kd/YT, m < 0
 Microbial Kinetics in a Reactor

O2
Microbial Kinetic Constants

q max = 4 /d
Q, So, Xo Q, S, X Ks = 25 mg/L

Volume = V; S, X Kd = 0.05 /d

Completely Mixed Reactor YT = 0.50

Hydraulic Retention Time (q) = V/Q

Example Problem
m YT .q k d
q .S Q = 1 MLD; V = 1000 m3; So = 300 mg/L
q max
Ks S q V/Q = 1 day; m = 1/q = 1 / d

Substrate Mass Balance: m k d 1 0.05

q 2.1 /d
dS YT 0.5
Q.So Q.S .V
dt
q.K s (2.1).( 25)
(S S) S 27.63 mg/L
Q. o q.X (q max q ) (4 2.1)
V

Biomass Mass Balance: (So S) (300 27.63)

X 129.7 mg/L
dX q.q 1.(2.1)
Q.X o .V Q.X
dt G
m.X.V Q.X
m Q / V 1/ q
 Microbial Kinetics in a Reactor with Recycle

(Q-Qw), Xe, S
Q, So, Xo (1+R).Q, S, X
Volume = V;
S, X

(RQ+ Qw), Xr, S

RQ, Xr, S

Qw, Xr, S

Substrate Balance for the whole system: Biomass Balance for Aeration Tank:

Q.So [(Q - Qw).S + Qw.S] = [dS/dt].V R.Q.Xr + [dX/dt]g.V = (1 + R).Q.X

Q.(So S)/V = q.X (A) R.Q.Xr + m.X.V = (1 + R).Q.X

m.V = Q.[1+ R R(Xr/X)] (C)

Biomass Balance for the whole System:

[dX/dt]g.V = Qw.Xr
Other Relationships:
m.X.V = Qw.Xr (B)
m YT .q k d (D)

q max .S
q (E)
Ks S