PURPOSE OF UNDERPINNING
Underpinning on an existing building or
other structure is the process of ;
- Strengthening
- Stabilizing the Foundation
The original
foundation is
simply not
strong enough To support a
Change in or stable structure which
the use of is sinking or
structure tilting
Underpinning
is required
The properties when New
of the soil Construction
supporting the under the
foundation structure/
may have
changed building
Increase the width
of foundation to
allow heavier loads
to be carried
CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE UNDERPINNING
Height of the building
- Types of underpinning should be able to receive load,
according to the height of the building.
Column spacing & Wall thickness
- Column & Wall above the affected footing should be
braced as much as possible
Type and material of construction
- Used of underpinning types & material should have quality
Condition of the building
- To make sure the actual problem and to find out the
suitability of the installation.
3
Types & Suitability Of Underpinning
a) The types of underpinning include various systems of
piers and piles, such as :
Jacked piles, screw piles, Bracket piles and mini-piles
helical piers
b) The types of piers and piles differ according to the
installation process, other materials used for underpinning
and the layout of the piers or piles.
Jacked piles
Its use when the existing structure
underlain by collapsible soils
(e.g. granite), and compressible clays.
Screw pile
-Screw piles are steel screw-in-pilling
& ground anchoring system used
for building foundations.
Bracket Piles
A steel H pile driven next to
an existing foundation. A
steel bracket is welded to
the pile & extends under &
support s the foundation
Micro piles
Micro piles, also called Mini-piled
is generally existing when the
loads from the foundations need
to be transferred to stable soils at
considerable depths - usually in
excess of 5.0 meters.
Helical Pier
Installation of the foundation
support works helical pier system
is uniquely suited for both heavy
& light structure.
DEWATERING
PURPOSE
PROBLEMS OF UNSTABLE GROUND DUE TO
GROUND WATER FLOW
METHODS OF DEWATERING
DEWATERING PRINCIPLES
PROBLEMS DUE TO WATER FLOW
Instability of an excavation due to
a) Surface flow
b) Ground water flow
c) Base flow
A high water table could cause flooding during
wet periods
It can cause an unacceptable humidity level
around finished building and structures
CONTROL OF GROUND WATER
DEWATERING METHODS
Ancient methods
Constructing ditches and dikes
Sheeting combined with pumping from sumps
Pumping from deep sheeted sumps dug outside the
working area
Recent methods
Well points
Deep wells
Vertical sand drains combined with deep
wells
Horizontal drainage system connected to a
deep well or a gravity collection pipe
SIMPLE SUMP METHOD OF
DEWATERING
Suitable for trench excavation and where
small volumes of water are involved
SIMPLE SUMP PUMPING
SUMPS AND DITCHES
SUITABLITY
Suitable for small excavations especially in
dense, well graded , cemented soils
Easier and economical
PROBLEMS
Causes sloughing of lower part of ground
Chances of developing springs, which can
cause erosion and subsidence of adjacent
ground surface
SHORING
Definition
Means of providing temporary support to
structures:
that are in an unsafe condition until such
time as they have been made stable, or
which might become unstable, or
which might become unstable by reason
of work carried out on or near them (e.g.
underpinning of the structures
foundations)
Shoring Materials
Timber - most commonly used material
for shoring members and the system due
to its construction (and dismantling)
speed and cheap labour cost
Steel - stanchions and needles for dead
shoring
Types of Shoring System
Raking Shores
Horizontal or Flying Shores
Dead or Vertical Shores
Raking shores
consist of inclined timber called rakers
placed with one end resting on the face of
a defective or a potentially defective wall,
the other upon the ground.
Practical angles vary between 60 and 75.
For tall buildings, the shores are fixed in
systems of 2 or more timbers placed in
the same vertical plane but inclined at
different angles and supporting the
building at varying levels (see the figure
below).
The purpose of a raking shore is to
prevent the overturning of a wall.
Flying shores
consist of a horizontal timber set between
two vertical walls to be supported, the
ends resting against wall pieces fixed on
the walls. It is stiffened by inclined struts
above and below at each end.
The flying shores are used to provide
temporary support to two parallel walls,
where one or both shows signs of
instability, or where previous supports
(the floors) have been removed.
9m between the walls is considered to the
max. Length of a flying shore .
Vertical shores
the shores placed vertically.
They are used for temporarily supporting
the upper parts of walls, while the lower
parts of which are required to be
removed
either in the process of underpinning or
reinstatement during the repair, or for the
purpose of making large openings in the
wall.
Vertical shores
Where a dead shore under the wall is not
convenient, a pair of dead shores
supporting a horizontal beam will be used.
The whole of the floors, the roof are
supported by a system of strutting to
relieve the wall of all weight normally
taken by it. This strutting will be
supported by a sole piece e.g. bedded
continuously in mortar, on the solid
ground below the lowest floor.
