MODULE 4: REPRODUCTION:
THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE
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What are the other living things
aside from plants and animals?
REPRODUCTION
The ability of an organism to
produce new individual
OFFSPRING
New organism produced.
Motivation:
Look at the pictures below. Identify and
describe how each organism reproduce.
[Link]:
Lets Make a Difference!
ONE IDENTICAL NO
TWO DIFFERENT YES
Modes of Reproduction:
Sexual vs. Asexual
Reproduction
-The ability of an organism to produce new
individuals.
MODES OF REPRODUCTION
In order to continue their own kind, organisms
must reproduce. Organisms may reproduce either
Asexually or Sexually.
Compare the results of uniform or diverse offspring
from sexual or asexual reproduction
Uniform offspring
Diverse offspring
Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
A type of reproduction in which the genetic materials
from two different cells combine, producing an offspring
The cells that combine are called sex cells
Female egg
Male sperm
Fertilization: an egg cell and a sperm cell join together
A new cell is formed and is called a zygote
GAMETES
OVARY TESTES
egg sperm
cell cell
FERTILIZATION
ZYGOTE
where the content of one cell is
transferred to another cell to form a
Conjugation zygote by forming a bridge between the
two cells.
Some microorganisms undergo sexual
reproduction by a process called
conjugation. An example of a
microorganism that reproduces by
conjugation is Spirogyra, a green alga.
Spirogyra can be found in freshwater
habitats such as ponds and rivers. (p.140)
The male organ is called the
at the top a narrow
of the style stalk
stamen. The stamen consists
of the anthers and the
filaments. The anthers
produce pollen grains which
are the male reproductive
cells of plants like the sperm
of animals.
The female organ is called the pistil. The
at the top a narrow pistil consists of the stigma, the style and
of the style stalk the ovary. In the ovary are one or more
eggs or ovules which are the female
reproductive cells of plants. Pollen is
carried from the anther to the stigma by
wind or insects. Insect-pollinated flowers
attract insects by producing a sweet
substance called nectar, a strong smell
and large colored petals. Most fruit and
vegetables are insect-pollinated.
Pollination is the carrying of pollen from
the stamens (male part of the flower) to
the stigma (on the female part of the
flower)
Advantages: Sexual Reproduction
Diverse offspring: genetic variation among offspring
Half of the DNA comes from mom
Half of the DNA comes from dad
Due to genetic variation, individuals within a
population have slight differences
Plants resist diseases
Traits can develop to resist harsh environments that
allows an organism survive
Advantages: Sexual Reproduction
Selective Breeding
Used to develop many
types of plants and animals
that have desirable traits
Agriculture/Farming: better
plants, larger animals
Desirable pets
Disadvantages: Sexual Reproduction
Time and Energy
Organisms have to grow and develop until they are old
enough to produce sex cells
Search and find a mate
Searching can expose individuals to predators, diseases,
or harsh environmental conditions
Fertilization cannot take place during pregnancy, which
can last as long as 2 years for some mammals.
Examples: Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
One parent: organism produces
offspring without fertilization
Uniform offspring:
Because offspring inherit all of their
DNA from one parent, they are
genetically identical to each other
and to their parent
Fission: Asexual Reproduction
Fission: Cell division in prokaryotes that forms two
genetically identical cells
DNA is copied
The cell begins to grow longer, pulling the two
copies apart
The cell membrane pinches inward in the
middle of the cell
Cell splits to form two new uniform, identical
offspring
Examples: bacteria, Ecoli,
Spore Formation:Asexual Reproduction
The black, round structure at
the tip of a stalk is called a
spore case which contains
the spores. When the spore
case opens, the tiny spores
are released and may be
carried by wind or water.
Once the spore lands on a
favourable environment, it
develops into a new
organism.
A mode of reproduction
resembling multiple fission,
common among Protozoa, in
which the organism breaks up
into a number of pieces,
or spores, each of which
eventually develops into an
organism like the parent form.
The formation of reproductive
cells or spores, as in the growth
of bacilli.
STOLON
one of the threads that
make up the mycelium
of a fungus
The roundish yellowish
shapes
a cell made by some
plants that is like a seed SPORANGIUM
and can produce a new
plant.
a kind of hypha
connecting fruiting
bodies
STOLON
Budding: Asexual Reproduction
Budding: a new organism grows by mitosis
and cell division on the body of its parent
The bud, or offspring is identical to the
parent
The bud, when large enough, can break
off of the parent and live on its own
Offspring may remain attached and form
a colony
Examples: Yeast, Hydra, cactus
Regeneration: Asexual Reproduction
Regeneration: occurs when an
offspring grows from a piece of its
parent.
Producing new organisms: Sea Stars
Sea urchins, sea cucumber,
sponges, and planarians
Producing new body parts: Gecko
Newts, tadpoles, crabs, hydra,
and zebra fish
Vegetative Propagation: Asexual
Vegetative Propagation: uniform offspring
grow from a part of a parent plant
Parent plants sends out runners
Where the runner touches the ground, roots can
grow
A new plant is produced even if the runner is
broken apart
Each new plant is uniform and identical to the
parent.
Examples: strawberries, potatoes, ivy, crabgrass
Natural Vegetative Propagation
Bulb-
Short underground stem with stored
food & fleshy leaves Ex. Onion, tulip
Corm- Short underground stem with stored
food Ex. Water chestnut
Tuber- Enlarged underground stem
Ex. potato
Runner- (stolon) horizontal stem with buds
along grounds surface Ex. strawberry
Underground horizontal stem
Rhizome-
Ex. ginger
Tuber
Runner
Bulb
Rhizome Corm
From a single potato, several new potato plants can be
produced. Potato eyes are axillary buds where shoots
can emerge.
Aside from potatoes, many economically
important plants can be propagated
vegetatively. The kalanchoe, a medicinal plant,
can reproduce through its leaves (Figure 2).
Plantlets can grow around the leaf margin.
Advantages: Asexual Reproduction
Enables organisms to reproduce
without a mate
No wasted time and energy
Enables some organisms to rapidly
reproduce a large number of
uniform offspring
Disadvantages: Asexual Reproduction
Because their offspring are identical, there is
no genetic variation that can give an
organism a better chance for survival
Example: If a weed killer can kill the parent, it
will also kill the offspring
A whole species can be wiped out from a
disease
Dangerous mutations in DNA if the parent
has the mutation in their DNA, the offspring will
have it too.
Examples: Asexual Reproduction
Fission Budding
Fragmentation/regeneration
spore formation
Asexual reproduction
1. Some bacteria can reproduce asexually
when their single cells split in two, forming new
individuals in a process called________.
2. Some simple organisms, such as hydras,
sponges and yeast, are able to reproduce
asexually by______________________by allowing
the offspring to begin as a growth on the
parent.
3. Form of asexual reproduction which
each fragment of an organism develops
into a clone of its parent.
4. A group of rapidly dividing cells
develops on an organism and breaks
away to become a new organism.
5. Reproduction that requires only one parent.
Answers:
1. Fission 2. Budding
3. Fragmentation/regeneration
4. spore formation
5. Asexual reproduction
Directions: Indicate which of the statements below refer to:
A. Sexual reproduction
B. Asexual reproduction
Write the letter of the correct answer.
[Link] different types of sex cells unite to form a zygote.
[Link] characteristics of the offspring are like those of
the parent.
[Link] new individual may have been a
part of the body of a single parent.
[Link] offspring is a combination of the traits of
both parents.
[Link] individuals from a single parent are
reproduced very fast
1. Sexual 2. Sexual [Link]
4. Sexual 5. Asexual
Activity:
Create a creature that reproduces asexually.
Draw the creature
Describe how the creature reproduces asexually
Describe 1 advantage of reproducing this way
Describe 1 disadvantage of reproducing this way
Name your creature
How the uniform offspring of your creature
