Tetanus and
Tetanus Toxoid
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-
Preventable Diseases
National Immunization Program
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Revised January 2006
Note to presenters:
Images of vaccine-preventable
diseases are available from the
Immunization Action Coalition website
at [Link]
Tetanus
First described by Hippocrates
Etiology discovered in 1884 by
Carle and Rattone
Passive immunization used for
treatment and prophylaxis
during World War I
Tetanus toxoid first widely used
during World War II
Clostridium tetani
Anaerobic gram-positive, spore-
forming bacteria
Spores found in soil, animal
feces; may persist for months to
years
Multiple toxins produced with
growth of bacteria
Tetanospasmin estimated
human lethal dose = 2.5 ng/kg
Tetanus Pathogenesis
Anaerobic conditions allow
germination of spores and
production of toxins
Toxin binds in central nervous
system
Interferes with neurotransmitter
release to block inhibitor impulses
Leads to unopposed muscle
contraction and spasm
Tetanus Clinical Features
Incubation period; 8 days
(range, 3-21 days)
Three clinical forms: local (not common),
cephalic (rare), generalized (most common)
Generalized tetanus: descending symptoms
of trismus (lockjaw), difficulty swallowing,
muscle rigidity, spasms
Spasms continue for 3-4 weeks; complete
recovery may take months
Neonatal Tetanus
Generalized tetanus in newborn
infant
Infant born without protective
passive immunity
Estimated >215,000 deaths
worldwide in 1998
Tetanus Complications
Laryngospasm
Fractures
Hypertension
Nosocomial infections
Pulmonary embolism
Aspiration pneumonia
Death
Tetanus Wound Management
Clean, minor All other
wounds wounds
Vaccination History Td TIG Td TIG
Unknown or <3 doses Yes No Yes Yes
3+ doses No* No No** No
* Yes, if >10 years since last dose
** Yes, if >5 years since last dose
Tetanus Epidemiology
Reservoir Soil and intestine of
animals and humans
Transmission Contaminated wounds
Tissue injury
Temporal pattern Peak in summer or
wet season
Communicability Not contagious
TetanusUnited States, 1947-2005*
700
600
500
Cases
400
300
200
100
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
*2005 provisional total Year
TetanusUnited States, 1980-2005*
100
90
80
70
60
Cases
50
40
30
20
10
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
*2005 provisional total Year
TetanusUnited States, 1980-2003
Age Distribution
1000
900
800
700
600
Cases
500
400
300
200
100
0
<5 5-14 15-24 25-39 40+
Age group (yrs)
N=1,277
Age Distribution of
Reported Tetanus Cases,
1991-1995 and 1996-2000
1991-1995 1996-2000
80 72
Percent of Cases
70
58
60
50 42
40
28
30
20
10
0
<40 40+
Age group (yrs)
Tetanus1998-2000
Injuries and Conditions
Other
17%
Puncture
Chr wound
37%
11%
IDU
5%
Abrasion
Laceration 6%
24%
Data available for 129 of 130 reported cases. Source: MMWR 2003;52(SS-3):1-12
DTaP, DT, and Td
Diphtheria Tetanus
DTaP, DT 7-8 Lf units 5-12.5 Lf units
Td, Tdap 2-2.5 Lf units 5 Lf units
(adult)
DTaP and pediatric DT used through age 6
years. Adult Td for persons 7 years and
older. Tdap for persons 10-18 years
(Boostrix) or 11-64 years (Adacel)
Tetanus Toxoid
Formalin-inactivated tetanus toxin
Schedule Three or four doses + booster
Booster every 10 years
Efficacy Approximately 100%
Duration Approximately 10 years
Should be administered with diphtheria
toxoid as DTaP, DT, Td, or Tdap
Routine DTaP Primary
Vaccination Schedule
Dose Age Interval
Primary 1 2 months ---
Primary 2 4 months 4 wks
Primary 3 6 months 4 wks
Primary 4 15-18 months 6 mos
Children Who Receive DT
The number of doses of DT
needed to complete the series
depends on the childs age at the
first dose:
if first dose given at <12 months
of age, 4 doses are recommended
if first dose given at 12 months,
3 doses complete the primary series
Routine DTaP Schedule
Children <7 years of age
Booster Doses
4-6 years of age, before entering
school
11-12 years of age if 5 years
since last dose (Tdap)
Every 10 years thereafter (Td)
Routine Td Schedule
Unvaccinated Persons 7 Years of Age
Dose* Interval
Primary 1 ---
Primary 2 4 wks
Primary 3 6-12 mos
Booster dose every 10 years
*ACIP recommends that one of these doses
(preferably the first) be administered as Tdap
Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids
Adverse Reactions
Local reactions (erythema,
induration)
Exaggerated local reactions
(Arthus-type)
Fever and systemic symptoms
not common
Severe systemic reactions rare
Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids
Contraindications and Precautions
Severe allergic reaction to
vaccine component or following
a prior dose
Moderate or severe acute illness
National Immunization
Program
Contact Information
Telephone [Link]
Email nipinfo@[Link]
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