Introduction to Pump Hydraulics
Presented
By
Godfred Bonney
1
Glossary Of Terminology
Flow Rate
It is the external fluid flow delivered by a
pump per unit of time.
Measured in: L/Sec, M/Hr, L/Min
2
Glossary of Terminology
Head
It is the measure of energy in a fluid
expressed in the context of the length of a
column of that fluid that the energy will
support.
Measured in: M, kPa, Bar
3
Glossary Of Terminology
Friction Head
It is the energy lost in the form of friction due to fluid
velocity within the system.
Measured in: M
Pipe Friction
It varies with:
1) Pipe Diameter
2) Pipe Length
3) Pipe Material
4) Age of the pipe
Glossary Of Terminology
Duty Point
This is a nominated value of flow and head for which a
pumps is to be selected.
This selected point on the pump curve has to be closer
to the BEP to be able to operate the unit economically.
Pumping Terminology
Efficiency
It is the ratio between the output power and the input
power.
= %
Pumping Terminology
Water Horse Power
It is the power required to perform a certain duty
without any efficiency loss (100%)
WHP = Q x H x SG
Q = Flow
H = Total Dynamic Head
SG = Specific Gravity of the Fluid Pumped (Water = 1)
Pumping Terminology
Break Horse Power
It is the power input to the shaft:
=
Pumping Terminology
BHP =
Q = l/sec
H=M
= Decimals
BHP = kW
Impeller
Radial Flow Impeller
Mixed Flow Impeller
Axial Flow Impeller
Total Dynamic Suction Head
Total Dynamic Suction Head: TDSH
It is the Sum of:
1. Static Suction: SS in Meters
2. Pipe Friction: M/100M
3. Losses in valves and fitting: k x V/2g
Unit of Measurement is: M of Head
Total Dynamic Suction Head (TDSH)
Total Dynamic Discharge Head
Total Dynamic Discharge Head (TDDH)
Is the sum of:
1) Static discharge head (M)
2) Pipe friction loss (m/100M)
3) Valves & Fitting Losses (k xV/2g)
4) Entry Losses (kxV/2g)
4a) In some cases the end pressure required (kPa or PSI)
Total Dynamic Discharge Head
(TDDH)
Total Dynamic Head (TDH)
TDH = TDSH + TDDH+ End Pressure (If required)
Typical Centrifugal Pump
Installation
Calculation
Calculation
Required Flow Rate = 2.5l/sec (9m/hr)
Static Suction Head A = 3M
Diameter of the Suction Pipe = 75mm (SDR21)
Length of the suction Pipe = 6M
Static Discharge head = 8M
Diameter of the discharge pipe = 63mm (SDR21)
Length of the discharge pipe = 60M
End pressure required = 20PSI (14M)
Pump efficiency at 2.5l/sec = 69.7%
Calculation
Calculate the following:
TDH
BHP
Calculation
TDSH
Static Suction head = 3m
Pipe friction = 6 x 0.8/100 = 0.048M
Foot valve loss = (k xV/2g)=7.56 x 0.025
= 0.189M
90 Bend = (k x V/2g)= 0.54 x 0.025
= 0.0135
TDSH = 3+0.048+0.189+0.0135 = 3.25M
Calculation
TDDH
Static Discharge head = 8M
Pipe Friction = 60 x 1.83/100 = 1.098M
90 Bend = (k x V/2g)= 0.54 x 0.049 = 0.026M
2 x 45 Bends = (2 x k x V/2g)= 2 x 0.29 x 0.049 = 0.028M
End Pressure = 14M
TDDH = 8+1.098+0.026+0.028+14 = 23.15M
Calculation
TDH = TDSH + TDDH
= 3.25+ 23.15
= 26.4M
eSV Model 15SV11 (1.1kW)
27
Ground Water Pumping
Ground Water, Pumping,
Sizing & Selection of
Submersible Well Pump
28
Things we need to know
Water well conditions
System capacity requirements
System head requirements
Electrical service available
Water Well Conditions
Diameter & condition of well
Determines the maximum pump diameter
Contributes to well storage capacity
Cascading well for cooling
Well depth & screen location
Establishes how deep the pump may be set
Contributes to well storage area (Aquifers)
Well capacity or yield
How much water the well will produce
Water Well Conditions cont.
Static water level
Vertical distance from the top of the well to the natural
water level (water table)
Drawdown
Reduction in water level during pumping varies with
well yield and pump capacity
Pumping water level
Static water level + drawdown
Water Well Conditions - cont.
Submergence
The difference between the pumping water level and
where the pump is set.
Submergence needs to be sufficient to prevent vortexing
or air entrainment which will negatively effect pump
performance
Setting
The total length of drop pipe which determines the
pump placement in the well
Well Characteristics
34
Bore pump Setting
System Capacity Requirements
Fixture count flow rate method
(Domestic)
Peak demand flow rate method (Water
Supply)
System Demand (Irrigation)
System Capacity Requirements
continued
Well capacity > peak demand flow rate,
Pump should be set to anticipate
future decline in water table and well
capacity
System Head Requirements
Major components of system head
Static Discharge head
Pumping water level to top of well
Top of well to point of discharge
Pressure required at point of use
Friction loss in drop pipe and discharge
pipe (including valves & fittings)
Submersible Pump Information
Sheet
A) Source: Bore.. River.. Dam
B) Bore Hole Information
Size of bore .mm
Total Depth of bore .M
Bore Recharge Rate .l/min
Water Temperature -------C
Water quality pH, .% Sand, .Cl, .Gas
Standing water level ..M
Draw down ..M
C) Plant Information
Required Flow .l/min
Diameter of the Riser pipe .mm
Length of the riser pipe .M
Diameter of the discharge pipe ..mm
Length of the discharge Pipe ...M
Material of the pipes
Submersible Pump Information
Sheet
No. of bends and angle ..
No. of valves and type ..
No. of Tees ..
C) System Information
Sprinkler irrigation
Stock watering
Dam filling
Over head tank filling
Domestic water supply
Pressure system
C1) Sprinkler Irrigation
Flow/Nozzle ..l/min
Submersible Pump Information
Sheet
Nozzle pressure ..kPa
No. of nozzles ..
Diameter of the lateral ..mm
Length of lateral ..M
No. of laterals ..
Diameter of the main line ..mm
Length of the Main line ..M
General Information
Height of tank ..M
Elevation to the highest point of discharge
From the top of the bore ..M
Distance from the service entrance
to the motor (Cable) ..M
Available Power ..1Ph, ..3Ph
Pump Sizing Exercise
Residential - Light Commercial
Application
42
Pump Sizing
Pump Sizing
Static Discharge Head = Elevation + SWL + Draw Down
= 7 + 6 + 49 = 62M
Pipe Friction = Riser Pipe + Discharge Pipe
= (60 x 2.26/100) + (60 x 1.24/100)
= 1.14 + 0.74
= 2.14M
Fittings Losses = Check Valve + Bend + Gate Valve
= (1.43 x 0.042) + (0.3 x 0.032) + (0.15 x 0.032)
= 0.06 + 0.01 + 0.004
= 0.074M
Pump Sizing
TDH = Static Discharge Head + Pipe Friction + Fitting Losses + End Pressure
= 62 + 2.14 + 0.074 + 25.5
= 89.7M
Duty Point: 2l/sec (7.2M/Hr) at 89.7M TDH
Pump Selected: Model
8GS40
46
Advantage of VFD
47
Use of Cooling Shrouds
Reason for Shrouding
1. Cascading bores
2. To Maintain Minimum cooling Velocity
3. Bores larger than Motor Diameter
4. Wide Body of Water (Rivers and Dams)
48
Minimum Velocity of Water Passed
the Lowara Motors
4 = 4OS = 0.08m/s
6 = L6C = 0.2m/s
6 = L6W = 0.3m/s
8 = L8W = 0.5m/sec
10& 12 = L10W = 0.5m/s
49
Shrouds
50
Shroud Adaptor
51
Calculating Velocity Passed Motor
Useful Formulas
=
( )
V =M/Sec
Q = M/Hr
= ( ) +
Db = mm
Dm = mm
52
Flow Inducer Tube
53
Cable Selection
54
Cable Selection
55
Electrolysis
56
Galvanic Corrosion
57
Affinity Law
All Variable Frequency Drives works on the following principle.
N1/N2 = Q1/Q2
(N1/N2) = H1/H2
(N1/N2) = BHP1/BHP2
Example on Affinity Law
Speed changing from 50Hz (3000RPM) to 60Hz (3600RPM)
Q = 150l/min, H = 88M, BHP = 3.7kW
60/50 =Q1/150, Q1 = 180l/min
(60/50) = H1/88, H1 = 126.72M
(60/50) = BH!1/3.7, BHP1 = 6.39kW
NPSH
Net Positive Suction Head
It is the total head at the pump suction branch over
and above the vapour pressure of the liquid being
pumped.
NPSHR
Net Positive Suction Head Required
This is a function of the pump design and is the lowest
value of NPSH at which the pump can be guaranteed
to operate without significant cavitation.
NPSHA
Net positive Suction Head Available
It is the product of the following:
a) Atmospheric pressure: Ha
b) +ve or ve suction: Hs
c) Vapour pressure of the product pumped: Hvap
d) Suction friction head loss: Hf
NPSHA
NPSHA = Ha +Hs Hvap Hf
In order to prevent negative suction
NPSHA > NPSHR
NPSHA can be affected by:
1) Elevation
2) Temperature
3) Vapour pressure of the product pumped
64
NPSH Check
65
Cavitation
It is the formation of vapour bubbles due to the
drop in pressure at the eye of the impeller below
the vapour pressure of that liquid and the
subsequent implosion of these vapour bubbles in
the higher pressure areas.
Cavitation can be caused by:
1) High suction lift
2) Insufficient NPSHA (Temperature, Altitude)
3) Over pumping
Cavitation
Q=AxV
A = Area of Cross Section
V = Velocity
Q1 = A x V1
Q1 > Q
V1 > V
Cavitation
Bernoullis Equation
K = Hst + P/g + V/2g
K = Constant
P/g = Pressure head
V/2g = Velocity head
Hst = Static head
Cavitation
High Velocity causes Low Pressure
Water will evaporate when the pressure drops below
the Atmospheric pressure.
Over Pumping
100
90
80
70
60
50 Sample
NPSHR
40
20m3/hr
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
Cavitation
Corrosion Resistance
Corrosion diagram
904L (1.4539) 316SS (1.4401) 304 (1.4301)
100
90
80
Temperature (C)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Drinking Irrigation Chlorid content (1000 ppm) Brackish Sea
Determining Water Level
Install a 3mm or 6 mm tube
Long enough to be 3M below
The water level. Note the
Length of the tube as it is
Lowered in to the well. Once
The tubing is fixed in a stationary
Position at the top, connect an air
Line and pressure gauge. Add air
To the tubing until the pressure
Gauge reaches a point that it
Doesnt read any higher. Take a
Gauge reading at this point.
A:Depth to water to be determined
B: Total length of air line
C: Gauge pressure
B = 50M
C = 200kPa (20M)
A=BC
A = 50 20 = 30M
Submersible pump troubleshooting
Household Pressure System
75
Tank Sizing
Pump Flow: 60LPM
Pressure Setting : 20/40PSI
Delay time : 10 Sec
Draw Down : 0.17 x 60 = 10L
Tank Size = JR25
76
Pressure Tank
77
Drilled Check Valves
This will give a better delay
time to cut the pump off
without water hammer
1.5-2MM hole in the check
valve.
78
79
Pressure System Selection
Single Story Property
3 Residence
1 Garden sprinkler
1 toilets
1 Shower
1 Washing machine
What flow rate would you select the pump for.
80
Thank You for
Participating
81
