Prof.
Hanumant Yadav
HNLU, Raipur.
[Link], Economics-ii 1
The objective of this paper is to make law
students more knowledgeable, sensitive and
action oriented to the problems of poverty
and development.
The paper discusses the rules, regulations,
procedures established and framed by the
Authorities relating to poverty and
development
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Module 1 10 teaching hours
Law : (1 class ) : Meaning and concepts
Poverty : Concepts and Measurement
Different concepts and indicators of Poverty
National and International Poverty line
Causes of Poverty, Human Poverty,
Rural Poverty, Estimates of poverty in India
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II. Development : Concepts and approaches
5 teaching hours
Concepts of Economic Growth, progress and
Development,
Underdevelopment of Indian Economy,
Human Development
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III. Economic Planning 5 teaching hours
Objectives, Strategies and special features of
Indian Planning,
Tenth Five year Plan: Monitorable targets and
achievement,
Approach of Eleventh Five Year Plan
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IV. Law and Development Programmes:
15 lectures
Law and Development,
Poverty alleviation Schemes : IRDP, SGSY,
Employment Generation programmes: NREP,
Food for work program. JRY, SJGSY, SGRY,
NREGP Act.
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V. Law and Poverty 20 lectures
A. Indian Constitution and Social justice,
Fundamental rights, Directive principles to
the State
B. Law and Weaker sections of Society
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes,
Bonded labour, Child labour, Beggary,
Immoral traffic of women and girls,
Unorganized rural labour, Child and
women destitute, Civil rights act, Human
rights, Development and social justice,
Resettlement of Displaced persons affected
by development projects
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VI Legal Aid to Poor 5 lectures
Concepts of legal aid,
Evolution and development of of legal aid
movement in India
Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 and
existing system of legal aid in India
Role pf Institutions of Legal Education in legal
aid services
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Law is rule of conduct or procedure
established by custom, agreement or
authority.
Law is a rule of conduct or procedure
established and enforced by the Authority,
Legislation or a custom of a given
community, State or nation.
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Natural Law : A law whose content is set by nature
and hence has validity everywhere.
Physical Law : A scientific generalisation based on
empirical observations of physical behaviour.
Rule of Law : The principles that restricts
Government authority
Laws of Science : Absolute and inarguable facts of
the physical world.
Religious Law : Ordering principles of reality as
revealed by God defining and governing all human
affairs.
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Law (Principles) : Principles that describes the
fundamentals of something.
Scientific generalisation of theories of social
sciences with empirical observations, evidences,
facts and figures are known as Laws.
Laws of Economics : Universally accepted theories
of Economics. e.g. Law of demand, law of diminishing
return, etc.
Economics Law : Land Laws, Banking Laws,
Labour Laws, Business Laws.
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Poverty can be defined as a social phenomenon in
which a section of the society is unable to
fulfill its basic needs of life.
Poverty is a condition in which a person or
community lacks the essentials for a minimum
standard of well-being and life.
These essentials are material resources such as
food, safe drinking water, clothing and shelter, or
they may be social resources such as access to
health care, information and education.
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Poverty is a state of social condition when a large
segment of society is deprived of the minimum
level of living.
Poverty is collective condition of poor people.
Poverty is lack of regular income to maintain
minimum level of living.
Consumption of less food than is required to
sustain a human body is known as condition of
extreme poverty.
Poverty is condition of lack of income and wealth
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Part I Concepts of poverty :
1- Minimum Calorie intake required to maintain working efficiency :
2400 calorie in rural area and 2100 calorie in urban areas.
2- Minimum basic needs : food, clothing, shelter, drinking water. (Private
consumption expenditure)
3- Poverty in monetary terms : minimum income required for
sustenance. (Private consumption expenditure). National and
International poverty line.
4- Human Poverty : Deprivation of means and opportunities to lead a
long, healthy and creative life.
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1- Poverty line : Head count non-discriminatory approach
: Total number of poor people living below poverty line.
2. Poverty Gap Index : It measures poverty by mean
distance below the poverty line expressed as a proportion of
that line.
(Counting non-poor having zero gap) Head count
discriminatory approach :
3- Squared Poverty Gap Index : The SPG Index is the
mean of the squared proportionate poverty gaps.
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4- Human Poverty Index : Index Indicating denial
of choices and opportunities those are most basic to
human development.
Three elements of human life or human
development: (1) Longevity (2) Knowledge, and
(3) Decent standard of living.
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Deprivation of basic human needs in terms of
food, shelter, education, health facilities is
termed as Human Poverty.
The denial of opportunity and choices are
causes of human poverty.
Human Poverty Index is a composite Index
which measures three elements of human life
: 1) Longevity 2) knowledge and 3) access to
basic needs :
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THREE VARIABLES OF DEPRIVATION :
1) Survival Deprivation :
People not expected to survive to age 40. (%)
2) Deprivation in education and knowledge :
Adult illiteracy rate and Education up to VIII class
3) Deprivation in economic provisioning
a) Access to safe water
b) Access to health services
c) Underweight children under age 5.
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The poverty line, is the minimum level of Income
deemed necessary to achieve an adequate
Standard of Living.
Determining the poverty line is usually done by
finding the total cost of all the essential items/
resources that an average human adult consumes in
one year.
This approach is needs-based in the sense that an
assessment is made of the minimum expenditure
needed to maintain a tolerable life
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In India, 2400 calorie in rural area and 2100 calorie
intake are required to sustain human body of an
adult male.
Those adult who are not getting 2400 calorie intake
in rural area and 2100 calorie in urban areas may
be treated as poor.
Average intake of calorie is 2250.
According to World Bank 1$ per day is required to
meet the food requirement. Persons with less than
1.25 $ per day income may be treated as living in
extreme poverty.
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In India, the poverty line denotes monthly per
capita consumption expenditure below Rs. 49.00
for rural areas and Rs. 54.00 for urban areas in
1977-78 on the 1973-74 prices .
Rs. 356.35 for rural areas and Rs. 538.60 for urban
areas on the in 2004-05 on current prices of 2004-05.
Minimum Monthly Income required in 2011-12 for
Rural Area: Rs. 815
Urban Area Rs. 1000 (RBI)
[Source : 61st round of the National Sample Survey (NSS)]
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The Planning Commission, which is the nodal
official agency for poverty estimation, has estimated
that 27.5% of the rural population was living below
the poverty line in 20042005,
down from 51.3% in 19771978, and
36% in 1993-1994
Poverty Estimate in 2011-12 : 21.9 %
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Year Persons livimg below poverty line
------------------------------------------------------------
--
1950-51 47 % 1954-55 64 %
1960-61 45 % 1977-78 51 %
1987-88 39 % 2004-05 27 %
According to Prof. Dandekar and Rath, the urban poor are
only an overflow of the rural poor, into the urban area.
75% of the poor are in rural areas with most of them
comprising daily wagers, self-employed households and
landless labourers
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The World Bank defines
Extreme poverty as living on less than US$
(PPP) 1 per day,
Moderate poverty as less than $2 a day.
It has been estimated that in 2001,
A) 1.1 billion people had consumption levels
below $1 a day and
B) 2.7 billion lived on less than $2 a day.
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One third of deaths - some 18 million people a year
or 50,000 per day - are due to poverty-related
causes. That's 270 million people during 1990-2005,
the majority women and children.
Every year nearly 11 million children die before their
fifth birthday.
In 2001, 1.1 billion people had consumption levels
below $1 a day and 2.7 billion lived on less than $2 a
day
800 million people go to bed hungry every day.
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[Link] States 1973 1983 1993 2004
1 Orissa 66.2 65.3 48.6 46.4
2 Bihar 61.9 62.2 55.0 41.3
3 Chhattisgarh 40.9
4 Jharkhand 40.3
5 Uttarakhand 39.6
6 M. P. 61.8 49.8 42.5 38.3
7 Uttar Pradesh 57.1 47.1 40.8 32.8
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States 1973 1983 1993 2004
Maharastra 53.2 53.4 36.9 30.7
Karnataka 54.5 38.2 33.2 25.0
West Bengal 63.4 54.8 35.7 24.7
Tamil Nadu 54.9 51.7 35.0 22.5
Rajastan 46.1 34.5 27.4 22.1
Assam 51.2 40.5 40.9 19.7
Gujarat 48.2 32.8 24.2 16.7
Andhra Pradesh 48.9 28.9 22.2 15.8
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States 1973 1983 1993 2004
Kerala 59.8 40.4 25.4 15.0
Haryana 35.4 21.4 25.0 14.0
Goa 44.3 26.2 18.9 14.9
Himachal Pradesh 26.4 16.4 13.5 10.0
Punjab 28.1 16.2 11.8 8.4
J &K 40.8 24.2 15.2 5.4
All India 54.9 44.5 36.0 27.5
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State Percentage of population BPL population
Below poverty line (Lakh persons )
India 21.92 2697
Bihar 33.74 358 II
Chhattisgarh 39.93 I 104
Jharkhand 36.96 II 124
Madhya Pradesh 31.65 224 III
Odisha 32.59 III 138
Rajasthan 14.72 103
Uttar Pradesh 29.43 598 - I
West Bengal 19.98 185
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State Percentage of population BPL Population
below poverty line ( Lakh persons)
Gujrat 16.63 102
Maharashtra 17.35 198
Punjab 11.16 29
Haryana 8.26 23
Tamilnadu 11.28 82
Kerala 7.05 24
Karnataka 20.91 130
Andhra 9.20 79
Pradesh (old)
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