Module 7 - 1

Module 7

Metric Practices for

Welding Inspection

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Metric System
Le System
Internationale
dUnites
or :

SI

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Resistance to SI
Economic
Unfamiliarity
Not invented here
Requires effort
Others?

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SI Advantages
Simple base units
Worldwide usage
Based on powers of 10
Simple decimal system

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ANSI/AWS
A1.1 - 98

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U.S. Customary System

Complicated
Awkward
Confusing
Used only by U.S.

But we are familiar with it, and we love it!

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U.S. System - 1 of 2
Length - Inch, foot, yard, etc.
Mass - Ounce, pound, ton, etc.
Volume - Ounce, pint, quart, etc
Area - Square feet, acre, etc
Others - Various units

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U.S. System - 2 of 2
Conversion factors are not in multiples of 10

12 inches per foot

36 inches per yard
5,280 feet per mile
1,760 yards per mile
et cetera, et cetera

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SI System - Table 7.1

Only one unit for each type of measurement

Length - Meter
Mass - Kilogram
Volume - Liter
Area - Square meters
Others - One base unit

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AWS SI Version
Note: The true SI system uses the gram (g) for
mass but AWS in A1.1-98 has selected the
kilogram (kg) as the base unit for mass. This
was done to simplify the welding usage of
mass.

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SI System Prefixes - Table 7.2

Based on powers of 10
Preferred units in multiples of 103

Kilo - k - 1,000 - 103

Mega - M - 1,000,000 - 106
Milli - m - 1/1,000 - 10-3
Micro - - 1/1,000,000 - 10-6

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SI Welding Units - Table 7.3

Deposition rate kg/hr
Flow rate L/min
Tensile strength MPa
Travel speed mm/s
Wire feed speed mm/s
Pressure kPa

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Positive & Negative Numbers - 1 of 2

Addition and Subtraction a -3 added to a -4 = -7

5 added to 7 = 12 5 minus a -8 = +13
11 minus 6 = 5 a -8 minus a -4 = -4
5 added to a -7 = -2 a -9 minus 6 = -15

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Positive & Negative Numbers - 2 of 2

Multiplication and Division
(-6) x (-5) = +30
(-5) x (3) = -15
(-6) (2) = -3
(8) (-4) = -2
(-9) (-3) = +3

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Scientific Notation
SN

Writing a number such that the decimal

point is always moved to the immediate right
of the first digit not zero, and its relative size
expressed as an exponent (power of ten).

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Exponents - Positive Powers of 10

100 = 1 (by definition. Any number raised
to a zero power equals 1 ; e.g., 580 = 1)
101 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1,000
106 = 1,000,000
Positive Exponents = Numbers greater than 1

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Exponents - Negative Powers of 10

100 = 1 (by definition. Any number raised
to a zero power equals 1 ; e.g., 250 = 1)
10-1 = 0.1 read as one tenth
10-2 = 0.01 read as one hundredth
10-3 = 0.001 read as one thousandth
10-6 = 0.000001 read as one millionth
Negative Exponents = Numbers less than 1

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SN Examples
234 = 2.34 x 10
5,678 = 5.678 x 10
0.0234 = 2.34 x 10
0.000567 = 5.67 x 10

In the first answer example above, 2.34 is

called the root, 10 is the base, and the 2 is
the exponent

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SN Advantages
Simplifies very large numbers
Simplifies very small numbers
A decimal system
Based on powers of ten
Simplifies calculations

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Conversion Example 1 & 2

70,000 psi = ?? Pa (1 psi = 6,895 Pa)
70,000 x 6,895 = 482,650,000 Pa
= 4.8265 x 108 Pa

But UTS in metric is usually given in Mpa. So,

70,000 psi = ?? Mpa (1 psi = 6.895 x 10-3 MPa)
(70,000) x (6.895 x 10-3 ) = 482.65 MPa

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Number Position & Name - Ex. 3

For the number: 1,234,567.987654
To the left of the decimal : To the right of the decimal :
7 in units position 9 in tenths position
6 in tens position 8 in hundredths position
5 in hundreds position 7 in thousandths position
4 in thousands position 6 in ten thousandths
3 in ten thousands 5 in hundred thousandths
2 in hundred thousands 4 in millionths
1 in millionths position

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Exponential Multiplication - Ex. 4

Multiply the two roots in the normal fashion,
and then add exponent powers to get exponent
value :

(2.0 x 103) x (1.5 x 105) = 3.0 x 108

(1.0 x 108) x (4.5 x 107) = 4.5 x 1015
(3.5 x 10-3) x (2.0 x 106) = 7.0 x 103
(5 x 102) x (12 x 10-6) = 60 x 10-4 or, as follows:
= 6.0 x 10-3
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Exponential Division - Ex. 5

Divide the two roots in the normal fashion,
and then subtract the second exponent from
the first to get final exponent value :

(3.0 x 104 ) (1.5 x 102 ) = 2.0 x 102

(6.0 x 10-7 ) (3.0 x 103 ) = 2.0 x 10 -10
(4.5 x 104 ) (1.5 x 10 -5 ) = 3.0 x 109
(8.0 x 10 -6 ) (2.0 x 10 -9 ) = 4.0 x 103

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Addition With Exponents - Ex. 6

Same exponent required prior to adding;
usually change the exponent of the smaller
value for ease of operation :

(2.3 x 104 ) + (3.54 x 105 ) = ??

(0.23 x 105 ) + (3.54 x 105 ) = 3.77 x 105

(3.78 x 10-6 ) + (7.45 x 10-4 ) = ??

(0.0378 x 10-4 ) + (7.45 x 10-4 ) = 7.4878 x 10 -4
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Subtraction With Exponents - Ex. 7

Same exponent required prior to adding;
usually change the exponent of the smaller
value for ease of operation :

(7.8 x 106 ) - (9.4 x 104 ) = ??

(7.8 x 106 ) - (0.094 x 106 ) = 7.706 x 106

(3.9 x 10-4 ) - (6.1 x 10 -5 ) = ??

(3.9 x 10 -4 ) - (0.61 x 10 -4 ) = 3.29 x 10 -4
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Rounding Off Rules

Rule 1 - Increase the last retained digit by
one if the next digit to its right is 5 or larger
Rule 2 - Retain the last digit unchanged if
the next digit to its right is less than 5.

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Rounding Off - Example 8

8,937 = 9,000 Rounded to the nearest thousand
8,937 = 8,900 Rounded to the nearest hundred
8,937 = 8,940 Rounded to the nearest ten

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Rounding Off - Example 9

4.4638 = 4 Rounded to the nearest unit
4.4638 = 4.5 Rounded to the nearest tenth
4.4638 = 4.46 Rounded to the nearest hundredth
4.4638 = 4.464 Rounded to the nearest thousandth

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Rounding Errors

Rounding should always be done in a single

step to avoid rounding errors.

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Metric Prefixes

Metric prefixes can substitute for the

exponential form to simplify handling large
or small numbers.

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Metric Prefix Example 10

456,000,000 Pa = 456 MPa

56 km = 56,000 m
234,000 mm = 234 m
456 g = 0.456 kg

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Conversion Factors

To aid in converting values from one system

to another, conversion tables have been
prepared.

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Conversion Example 11
Convert 40.0 psi to kPa

Conversion factor, psi to kPa = 6.895

40.0 x 6.895 = 275.8 kPa

275.8 kPa rounds to 2.76 x 102 kPa

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Conversion Example 12
Convert 625 MPa to psi

Conversion factor, MPa to psi = 1.450 x 102

625 MPa x 1.450 x 102
625 MPa x 145 =90,625 psi
= 9.06 x 104 psi

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Conversion Example 13
Convert 5/32 to mm, 532= 0.156 in

Conversion factor, inches to mm = 25.4

0.156 x 25.4 = 3.9624 mm

= 3.96 mm

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Conversion Example 14
Convert 7.3 kg/h to lb/h

Conversion factor, kg/h to lb/h = 2.205

7.3 x 2.205 = 16.0965 lb/h

= 16 lb/h

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Temperature Conversion
Convert 1000 C to 0F

Conversion Factor (formula) is :

(0C x 1.8) + 32 = 0F

(100 x 1.8) + 32 = 180 + 32

= 212 F

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Temperature Conversion
Convert 1000 F to 0C

Conversion Factor (formula) is :

(0F - 32) 1.8 = 0C

(100 - 32) 1.8 = 68 1.8

= 37.8 0C

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Style and Usage - A1.1

Use prefixes where possible
Use steps of 1,000
Do not mix, unless warranted
Capitalization rules
Plurals
Punctuation
Number grouping

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