World History
I. New patterns of civilization
The Renaissance
Italian Renaissance
The word renaissance means rebirth SXVI
Between the 1350 1550 the Greek and Roman cultures reemerge
Italian renaissance means that started in Italy and then spread to the rest of
Europe
Italy was an urban society formed by city-states
The increasing wealth created the possibilities for the enjoyment of material
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things
New view of human beings emphasized in the individual activity and
secularism
New social ideal of the well-rounded person capable of achievements in many
areas of life
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Art that celebrate secular themes, the human body and an appreciation of
classical antiquity
The Italian states
Numerous powerful city-states in the north
Wealthy cities because of the trading activities with both: East and West
Milan was ruled by the Visconti family, leaders of a band of
mercenaries, and had an efficient tax system
Venice had an elected leader: a Doge; and was really ruled by a small
group of merchant-aristocrats
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Florence, controlled by the Medici family, won several wars to stablished
as major city-state
Attracted by the Italian wealth France and Spain struggled to dominate
the territory, this was called Italian Wars
The sack of Rome in 1527 by the Spanish king Charles I ended the 4
Italian wars and left Spain as the dominant force in Italy
Machiavelli, the new Statecraft
Machiavellis book, The Prince, concerns on how to
acquire and keep political power
He rejected the idea that a ruler ought to act based on
Christian principles but to understand human nature
Men are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers they
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shun danger and are greedy for profit
A price act on behalf of the state and for that he
should not be restricted by moral principles
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The end justifies the means
Renaissance Society
Was divided in three classes: Nobility, Peasants /
townspeople and clergy
In 1500 nobility dominated society and represented
2% of it
A noble was born, not made. Expected to have military
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skill, classical education and a virtuous standard of
conduct
Peasants represented 90% of the society most of them
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were merchants and artisans
The Intellectual And
Artistic Renaissance
Italian renaissance humanism
Humanism studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry moral
philosophy and history; based on the works of Greeks
and Romans
Petrarch, rescue forgotten Latin manuscripts and
propose classical Latin and a solitude lifestyle for the
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intellectuals
Humanists in the early 1400s took a new interest in
civic life and place their knowledge in service of the
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state (from theory to practice)
Vernacular literature
Vernacular is the language spoken in their own region
Dante, Divine Comedy, and Chaucer, Canterbury
Tales, promoted vernacular literature with their work
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Education in the Renaissance
Believe that through education you can change the
human being
Liberal studies are those by which we attain and
practice virtue and wisdom: history, moral philosophy,
rhetoric, grammar, logic, poetry, mathematics astronomy
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and music; without forgetting physical education
Its aim was no to create great scholars but complete
citizens
Females were absent in this educational model 10
The artistic Renaissance in Italy
Renaissance artist sought to imitate nature with the
human being as the center and measure of all things
In painting they apply the fresco technique, done on
fresh wet plaster with water-based paints, and the laws
of perspective (large wall spaces in the church)
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In sculpture and architecture they study the works of
the Romans and Greeks, and respected the laws of
proportion
The most representative artist were: Donatello, 11
Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo
Northern artistic Renaissance
Painted illustrations for books and wooden panels for
altarpieces (no space in gothic churches walls)
In Flanders, Jan Van Eyck used oil paint and imitate
nature by observation
In Germany, Drer tried to achieve a standard of ideal
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beauty through examination of the human form; was
influenced by the Italians due to his travels
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The Protestant
Reformation
Erasmus, Christian humanism
Protestant reformation is the reform movement that
divided the western church into Catholic and
Protestant groups
Christian humanism pretended the reformation of the
catholic church
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Erasmus propose the philosophy of Christ as a way of
life and that the church must preach with the example
As one of the first reformers Erasmus did not seek to
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break with the church but to solve the abuses of it
On the eve of the Reformation
Between 1450-1520 the Renaissance popes were more
concern with power struggles than with spiritual matters
Julius II, personally led armies against his enemies
Church officials used their ranks in advantage of their
wealth
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Priest were unaware or ignorant of their duties
People, nevertheless, desired meaningful religious
expressions and a way of salvation
The modern devotion movement stressed the need to 15
follow the direct teachings of Jesus Christ
Martin Luther, Lutheranism
Was a monk and a professor at the University of Wittenberg,
Germany, a deep student of the Bible
Believe that humans are not saved through their good work but
through their faith in God
Upset by the widespread selling of indulgences wrote the
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ninety-five theses against the church practices
Called the German princes to overthrow the papacy in and to
stablish a reformed German church
Based on the Gospel, he kept only two sacraments: Baptism
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and Eucharist, stablish a new religious service based on the
reading of the Bible and songs, and call the clergy to marry
Politics in German Reformation
Charles V, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, was at
the same time Charles I, king of Spain
During the 16th century Charles faced several problems
that allowed the Lutheranism grow strong in Germany
so later he was unable to dissolve it by force
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The Peace of Augsburg stopped the warfare in Germany
and formally accepted the division of Christianity in
Germany
The rulers decided between the Catholicism and 17
Lutheranism, the subjects must accept their choice
The Spread Of
Protestantism, And The
Response
The Zwinglian Reformation
Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in Zrich that influenced
the city council to introduce religious reforms
He abolished all images and stablished a service based
on the reading of the Bible
Zwingli sought alliance with Luther, but they disagree
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on the meaning of the sacraments
In October 1531 war broke in Switzerland, Zwingli
was found dead in the battlefield
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The leadership of Protestantism passed to John Calvin
Calvin and Calvinism
Educated in France, he published in 1536 a summary
of Protestantism, in Switzerland
His emphasis on the all powerful nature of god led him
to the idea of predestination about the salvation
In Geneva stablished the consistory to enforce moral
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discipline (Dancing, Drunkenness and gambling)
From Geneva the Calvinism spread to all part of
Europe and by 1550 was the most important and
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dynamic form of Protestantism
The reformation in England
Was rooted in politics, not religion by king Henry VIII who disagreed
with the new theology, but wanted to break with the Catholic church
to get a divorce
In 1533 he get the divorce and marry Anne Boleyn, their daughter
will later become Queen Elizabeth I
In 1534, with the act of supremacy, the king became the head of the
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new church of England so the king could sell the possessions of the
church
In 1547, during the reign of Edward VI, England move to a
protestant direction
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In 1553, during the reign of Mary, due to her violent attempts to
restore Catholicism, England became more Protestant
The Anabaptist
They were some who strongly disagree with the idea of
the state being involved with Church affairs
Church was a voluntary community of adult believers,
they believed in adult baptism
They consider all believers as equals, therefore anyone
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can be eligible to be a minister
Believed in the complete separation of the Church and
the state, and refuse to hold political office
They were consider political radicals by the state, the 22
Catholics and the Protestants
The Catholic reformation
Was supported by the Jesuits, the reform of the papacy and
the Council of Trent
Jesuits were recognized in 1540, were founded by Ignatius of
Loyola, vow obedience to the pope and use education to spread
their message
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In 1537 the pope appointed a reform commission to determine
the church ills
The council of Trent was a meeting of the representative
members of the church that declared that both faith and good
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work were necessary for salvation and forbid the sell of
indulgences
World History
III. The age of exploration
Exploration And
Expansion
Motives and means
Between 1500 & 1800 Western civilizations rose to
new economic heights through their worldwide trading
activity
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The Portuguese trading empire
A
b
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Voyages to the Americas
A
b
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The Spanish Empire
A
b
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Economic impact and
competition
A
b
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AFRICA IN AN AGE
OF TRANSITION
The slave trade
A
b
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Political and social structures
A
b
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SOUTHEAST ASIA IN
THE SPICE TRADE
Emerging mainland states
A
b
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The arrival of Europeans
A
b
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Religious and political systems
A
b
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THE AMERICAS
The Olmec and Teotihuacan
A
b
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The Maya and Toltec
A
b
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A
b
The Aztec
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Early civilizations
A
b
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A
b
The inca
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The classical roman
A
b
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A
b
The mannerism
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A
b
The baroque
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The Colonial art expressions
A
b
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The importance of knowledge
A
b
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The importance of knowledge
Means not taking god as the origin of all phenomena ,
therefore man should resolve the problem of reality
through a scientific approach
Diffusion was the key, Gutenberg invented the printing
machine in 1450
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Time is money in commerce was the beginning of
capitalism this means everything should be calculated
and measured
Commerce also search the utility of applied mechanics 49
and the possible use of science to solve practical problems
The importance of knowledge
A
b
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The importance of knowledge
A
b
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