ETL Basics

Lesson 2: ETL Process

Lesson Objectives

On completion of this lesson on Data Modeling, you

will be able to understand:
The ETL process
The steps in Data Cleansing

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The ETL Process

Source Staging Presentation

Systems Area System

Extract Transform Load

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The ETL Process

Extract
Extract relevant data
Transform
Transform data to DW format
Build keys, etc.
Cleansing of data
Load
Load data into DW
Build aggregates, etc

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EXTRACTION PHASE

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ETL DATA CAPTURE

Capture = extractobtaining a snapshot

of a chosen subset of the source data for
loading into the data warehouse

Static extract = capturing a Incremental extract = capturing

snapshot of the source data at a changes that have occurred since
point in time the last static extract

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Change Data Capture

Data warehousing involves the extraction and transportation of data

from one or more databases into a target system or systems for
analysis.
But this involves the extraction and transportation of huge volumes
of data and is very expensive in both resources and time.
The ability to capture only the changed source data and to move it
from a source to a target system(s) in real time is known as Change
Data Capture (CDC).

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Change Data Capture

CDC helps identify the data in the source system that has changed
since the last extraction.

Set of software design patterns used to determine the data that has
changed in a database.

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Change Data Capture

Based on the Publisher/Subscriber model.

Publisher
Identifies the source tables from which the change data needs to be captured
Captures the change data and stores it in specially created change tables
Allows the subscribers controlled access to the change data
Subscriber
Subscriber needs to know what change data it is interested in
It creates a subscriber view to access the change data to which it has been
granted access by the publisher

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Data Staging

Often used as an interim step between data extraction and later

steps
Accumulates data from asynchronous sources using native
interfaces, flat files, FTP sessions, or other processes
At a predefined cutoff time, data in the staging file is transformed
and loaded to the warehouse
There is usually no end user access to the staging file
An operational data store may be used for data staging

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Reasons for Dirty Data

Dummy Values
Absence of Data
Multipurpose Fields
Cryptic Data
Contradicting Data
Inappropriate Use of Address Lines
Violation of Business Rules
Reused Primary Keys,
Non-Unique Identifiers
Data Integration Problems

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ETL DATA Extraction

The extraction process can be done either by hand coded method or

by using tools.
Advantages and disadvantages Of Custom-programmed )/Hand
Coded Extraction (PL SQL Scripts) and Tool based extraction.
Tools have Well Defined disciplined approach and Documentation.
Tools provide an easier way to perform the extraction method by
providing click, drag and drop features.
Hand coded extraction techniques allow extraction in cost effective
manner since the PL/SQL construct are available with the RDBMS.
Hand coded extraction are used when the extraction is to be taken
place where the programmer has clear data structure known.

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ETL - Extraction Techniques

Extraction Technique

Bulk Extraction-

The entire data warehouse is refreshed periodically by extraction's from the

source systems.

All applicable data are extracted from the source systems for loading into the
warehouse.

This approach heavily uses the network connection for loading data from source
to target databases, but such mechanism is easy to set up and maintain.

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Data Extraction

Capture of data from Source Systems

Important to decide the frequency of Extraction
Sometimes source data is copied to the target database using the
replication capabilities of standard RDBMS (not recommended
because of dirty data in the source systems)

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Data Transformation

Transforms the data in accordance with the business rules and

standards that have been established

Example include: format changes, de-duplication, splitting up fields,

replacement of codes, derived values, and aggregates

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Data Transformation

Validating
Process of ensuring that the data captured is accurate and transformation process
is correct
E.g. Date of Birth of a Customer should not be more than todays date

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Data Transformation

Data Cleansing
Source systems contain dirty data that must be cleansed
ETL software contains rudimentary data cleansing capabilities
Specialized data cleansing software is often used.
Important for performing name and address correction and house holding
functions
Leading data cleansing vendors include Vality (Integrity), Harte-Hanks (Trillium),
and Firstlogic ([Link])

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Data Transformation

Steps in Data Cleansing

Parsing
Correcting
Standardizing
Matching
Consolidating
Conditioning
Enrichment

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Data Transformation

Parsing
Parsing locates and identifies individual data elements in the source files and then
isolates these data elements in the target files
Examples include :
parsing the first, middle, and last name;
street number and street name; and city and state

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Data Transformation

Parsing

Parsed Data in Target File

First Name: Beth
Middle Name: Christine
Input Data from Source File Last Name: Parker
Beth Christine Parker, SLS MGR Title: SLS MGR
Regional Port Authority Firm: Regional Port Authority
Federal Building Location: Federal Building
12800 Lake Calumet Number: 12800
Hedgewisch, IL Street: Lake Calumet
City: Hedgewisch
State: IL

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Data Transformation

Correcting
Corrects parsed individual data components using sophisticated data algorithms
and secondary data sources.
Example include replacing a vanity address and adding a zip code.

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Data Transformation

Correcting

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Data Transformation

Standardizing
Standardizing applies conversion routines to transform data into its preferred (and
consistent) format using both standard and custom business rules.
Examples include adding a pre name, replacing a nickname, and using a
preferred street name.

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Data Transformation

Standardizing

Corrected Data
Corrected Data Pre-name: Ms.
First Name: Beth First Name: Beth
Middle Name: Christine 1st Name Match
Last Name: Parker Standards: Elizabeth, Bethany, Bethel
Title: SLS MGR Middle Name: Christine
Firm: Regional Port Authority Last Name: Parker
Location: Federal Building Title: Sales Mgr.
Number: 12800 Firm: Regional Port Authority
Street: South Butler Drive Location: Federal Building
City: Chicago Number: 12800
State: IL Street: S. Butler Dr.
Zip: 60633 City: Chicago
Zip+Four: 2398 State: IL
Zip: 60633
Zip+Four: 2398

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Data Transformation

Matching
Searching and matching records within and across the parsed, corrected and
standardized data based on predefined business rules to eliminate duplications.
Examples include identifying similar names and addresses.

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Data Transformation

Matching
Corrected Data (Data Source #2)
Corrected Data (Data Source #1) Pre-name: Ms.
Pre-name: Ms. First Name: Elizabeth
First Name: Beth 1st Name Match
1st Name Match Standards: Beth, Bethany, Bethel
Standards: Elizabeth, Bethany, Bethel Middle Name: Christine
Middle Name: Christine Last Name: Parker-Lewis
Last Name: Parker Title:
Title: Sales Mgr. Firm: Regional Port Authority
Firm: Regional Port Authority Location: Federal Building
Location: Federal Building Number: 12800
Number: 12800 Street: S. Butler Dr., Suite 2
Street: S. Butler Dr. City: Chicago
City: Chicago State: IL
State: IL Zip: 60633
Zip: 60633 Zip+Four: 2398
Zip+Four: 2398 Phone: 708-555-1234
Fax: 708-555-5678

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Data Transformation

Consolidating
Analyzing and identifying relationships between matched records
and consolidating/merging them into ONE representation.

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Data Transformation

Consolidating

Consolidated Data
Name: Ms. Beth (Elizabeth)
Corrected Data (Data Source #1) Christine Parker-Lewis
Title: Sales Mgr.
Firm: Regional Port Authority
Location: Federal Building
Address: 12800 S. Butler Dr., Suite 2
Chicago, IL 60633-2398
Corrected Data (Data Source #2)
Phone: 708-555-1234
Fax: 708-555-5678

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Data Transformation

Conditioning
The conversion of data types from the source to the target data store (warehouse)
-- always a relational database
Eg. OLTP Date stored as text (DDMMYY); DW format is Oracle Date type

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Data Transformation

Conditioning

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Data Transformation

Enrichment
Adding/combining external data values, rules to enrich the information already
existing in the data
E.g. If we can get a list that provides a relationship between Zip Code, City and
State, then if a address field has Zip code 06905 it be safely assumed and
address can be enriched by doing a lookup on this table to get Zip Code 06905 >
City Stamford > State CT

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Data Transformation

Enrichment

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Data Loading

Data are physically moved to the data warehouse

The loading takes place within a load window
Loading the Extracted and Transformed data into the Staging Area
or Data Warehouse.

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Data Loading

First time bulk load to get the historical data into the Data
Warehouse
Periodic Incremental loads to bring in modified data
Design load strategy to using appropriate Slowly Changing
Dimension type .
The Loading window should be as small as possible
Should be clubbed with strong Error Management process to
capture the failures or rejections in the Loading process

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Slowly Changing Dimension Types

Three types of slowly changing dimensions

Type 1
Updates existing record with modifications
Does not maintain history
Type 2
Adds new record
Maintain history
Maintains old record
Type 3:
Keep old and new values in the existing row
Requires a design change

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Meta Data

Data about data

Needed by both information technology personnel and users
IT personnel need to know data sources and targets; database,
table and column names; refresh schedules; data usage measures;
etc.
Users need to know entity/attribute definitions; reports/query tools
available; report distribution information; help desk contact
information, etc.

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Metadata

Metadata is more comprehensive and transcends the data.

Metadata provide the format and name of data items

It actually provides the context in which the data element exists.
provides information such as the domain of possible values;
the relation that data element has to others;
the data's business rules,
and even the origin of the data.

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Importance of Metadata

Metadata establish the context of the Warehouse data

Metadata facilitate the Analysis Process

Metadata are a form of Audit Trail for Data Transformation

Metadata Improve or Maintain Data Quality

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Feature of ETL Tools

Support data extraction, cleansing, aggregation, reorganization,

transformation, and load operations
Generate and maintain centralized metadata
Filter data, convert codes, calculate derived values, map source
data fields to target data fields
Automatic generation of ETL programs
Closely integrated with RDBMS
High speed loading of target data warehouses using Engine-driven
ETL Tools

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Advantages of using ETL Tools

GUI based design of jobs ease of development and maintenance

Generation of directly executable code
Engine driven technology is fast, efficient and multithreaded
In-memory data streaming for high-speed data processing
Products are easy to learn and require less training

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Advantages of using ETL Tools

Automatic generation and maintenance of open, extensible

metadata
Support for multiple data formats and platforms
Large number of vendor supplied data transformation objects

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Example of ETL requirements

Integration of masters across different systems

E.g. State code AP could mean Andhra Pradesh in one system while it could
mean Arunachal Pradesh in another
De-duplication of data from different systems
E.g. State Karnataka could be represented as KA in one system and KN in
another system
Mapping of old codes to Data Warehouse codes
Data Cleansing - Changing to upper case, assigning defaults to
unavailable data elements

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Summary

In this module, you learned about the following:

ETL process
Cleansing steps

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