Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 6
The Muscular System

Slides 6.1 6.17

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
 The Muscular System

Muscles are responsible for all types of

body movement
Three basic muscle types are found in
the body
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.1

 Characteristics of Muscles

Muscle cells are elongated

(muscle cell = muscle fiber)
Contraction of muscles is due to the
movement of microfilaments
All muscles share some terminology
Prefix myo refers to muscle
Prefix mys refers to muscle
Prefix sarco refers to flesh
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.2
 Skeletal Muscle Characteristics

Most are attached by tendons to bones

Cells are multinucleate
Striated have visible banding
Voluntary subject to conscious control
Cells are surrounded and bundled by
connective tissue

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.3

 Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle

Endomysium
around single
muscle fiber
Perimysium
around a
fascicle
(bundle) of
fibers Figure 6.1

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.4a

 Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle

Epimysium
covers the
entire skeletal
muscle
Fascia on the
outside of the
epimysium
Figure 6.1

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.4b

 Skeletal Muscle Attachments

Epimysium blends into a connective

tissue attachment
Tendon cord-like structure
Aponeuroses sheet-like structure
Sites of muscle attachment
Bones
Cartilages
Connective tissue coverings
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.5
 Smooth Muscle Characteristics

Has no striations
Spindle-shaped
cells
Single nucleus
Involuntary no
conscious control
Found mainly in
the walls of hollow
organs Figure 6.2a

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.6

 Cardiac Muscle Characteristics

Has striations
Usually has a
single nucleus
Joined to another
muscle cell at an
intercalated disc
Involuntary
Found only in the
heart Figure 6.2b

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.7

 Function of Muscles

Produce movement
Maintain posture
Stabilize joints
Generate heat

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.8

 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle

Cells are multinucleate

Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma

Figure 6.3a

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.9a

 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
Sarcolemma specialized plasma
membrane
Sarcoplasmic reticulum specialized
smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Figure 6.3a

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.9b

 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
Myofibril
Bundles of myofilaments
Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands
I band =
light band
A band =
dark band
Figure 6.3b

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.10a

 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle

Sarcomere
Contractile unit of a muscle fiber

Figure 6.3b

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.10b

 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
Organization of the sarcomere
Thick filaments = myosin filaments
Composed of the protein myosin
Has ATPase enzymes

Figure 6.3c

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.11a

 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
Organization of the sarcomere
Thin filaments = actin filaments
Composed of the protein actin

Figure 6.3c

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.11b

 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
Myosin filaments have heads
(extensions, or cross bridges)
Myosin and
actin overlap
somewhat

Figure 6.3d

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.12a

 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
At rest, there is a bare zone that lacks
actin filaments
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
(SR) for
storage of
calcium
Figure 6.3d

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.12b

 Properties of Skeletal Muscle
Activity

Irritability ability to receive and

respond to a stimulus
Contractility ability to shorten when an
adequate stimulus is received

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.13

 Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
Skeletal
muscles must
be stimulated
by a nerve to
contract
Motor unit
One neuron
Muscle cells
stimulated by
that neuron Figure 6.4a

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.14

 Nerve Stimulus to Muscles

Neuromuscular
junctions
association site
of nerve and
muscle

Figure 6.5b

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.15a

 Nerve Stimulus to Muscles

Synaptic cleft
gap between
nerve and
muscle
Nerve and
muscle do not
make contact
Area between
nerve and muscle
is filled with
interstitial fluid Figure 6.5b

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.15b

 Transmission of Nerve Impulse to
Muscle
Neurotransmitter chemical released
by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse
The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is
acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors
on the sarcolemma
Sarcolemma becomes permeable to
sodium (Na+)
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.16a
 Transmission of Nerve Impulse to
Muscle

Sodium rushing into the cell generates

an action potential
Once started, muscle contraction cannot
be stopped

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.16b

 The Sliding Filament Theory of
Muscle Contraction
Activation by nerve
causes myosin
heads
(crossbridges) to
attach to binding
sites on the thin
filament
Myosin heads then
bind to the next site
of the thin filament Figure 6.7
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.17a
 The Sliding Filament Theory of
Muscle Contraction

This continued
action causes a
sliding of the myosin
along the actin
The result is that the
muscle is shortened
(contracted)

Figure 6.7 Slide 6.17b

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 6
The Muscular System

Slides 6.18 6.31

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
 The Sliding Filament Theory

Figure 6.8

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.18

 Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle

Muscle fiber contraction is all or none

Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers
may be stimulated during the same
interval
Different combinations of muscle fiber
contractions may give differing
responses
Graded responses different degrees
of skeletal muscle shortening
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.19
 Types of Graded Responses

Twitch
Single, brief contraction
Not a normal muscle function

Figure 6.9a, b

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.20a

 Types of Graded Responses

Tetanus (summing of contractions)

One contraction is immediately followed by
another
The muscle does
not completely
return to a
resting state
The effects
are added
Figure 6.9a, b

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.20b

 Types of Graded Responses

Unfused (incomplete) tetanus

Some relaxation occurs between
contractions
The results are summed

Figure 6.9a, b
Figure 6.9c,d
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.21a
 Types of Graded Responses

Fused (complete) tetanus

No evidence of relaxation before the
following contractions
The result is a sustained muscle contraction

Figure 6.9a, b
Figure 6.9c,d
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.21b
 Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli

Muscle force depends upon the number

of fibers stimulated
More fibers contracting results in greater
muscle tension
Muscles can continue to contract unless
they run out of energy

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.22

 Energy for Muscle Contraction

Initially, muscles used stored ATP for

energy
Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy
Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by
muscles
After this initial time, other pathways
must be utilized to produce ATP

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.23

 Energy for Muscle Contraction

Direct phosphorylation
Muscle cells contain creatine
phosphate (CP)
CP is a high-energy
molecule
After ATP is depleted, ADP is
left
CP transfers energy to ADP,
to regenerate ATP
CP supplies are exhausted in
about 20 seconds
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Figure 6.10a Slide 6.24
 Energy for Muscle Contraction
Aerobic Respiration
Series of metabolic
pathways that occur in
the mitochondria
Glucose is broken down
to carbon dioxide and
water, releasing energy
This is a slower reaction
that requires continuous
oxygen
Figure 6.10c Slide 6.25
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
 Energy for Muscle Contraction

Anaerobic glycolysis
Reaction that breaks
down glucose without
oxygen
Glucose is broken down
to pyruvic acid to
produce some ATP
Pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Figure 6.10b Slide 6.26a
 Energy for Muscle Contraction

Anaerobic glycolysis
(continued)
This reaction is not as
efficient, but is fast
Huge amounts of
glucose are needed
Lactic acid produces
muscle fatigue
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Figure 6.10b Slide 6.26b
 Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to
contract
The common reason for muscle fatigue is
oxygen debt
Oxygen must be repaid to tissue to remove
oxygen debt
Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated
lactic acid
Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack
of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.27
 Types of Muscle Contractions

Isotonic contractions
Myofilaments are able to slide past each
other during contractions
The muscle shortens
Isometric contractions
Tension in the muscles increases
The muscle is unable to shorten

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.28

 Muscle Tone

Some fibers are contracted even in a

relaxed muscle
Different fibers contract at different
times to provide muscle tone
The process of stimulating various fibers
is under involuntary control

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.29

 Muscles and Body Movements

Movement is
attained due to a
muscle moving
an attached
bone

Figure 6.12

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.30a

 Muscles and Body Movements

Muscles are
attached to at
least two points
Origin
attachment to an
immoveable bone
Insertion
attachment to a
movable bone Figure 6.12

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.30b

 Effects of Exercise on Muscle

Results of increased muscle use

Increase in muscle size
Increase in muscle strength
Increase in muscle efficiency
Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.31

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 6
The Muscular System

Slides 6.32 6.44

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
 Types of Ordinary Body Movements

Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Abduction
Circumduction

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.32

 Body Movements

Figure 6.13

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.33

 Special Movements

Dorsifelxion
Plantar flexion
Inversion
Eversion
Supination
Pronation
Opposition
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.34
 Types of Muscles

Prime mover muscle with the major

responsibility for a certain movement
Antagonist muscle that opposes or
reverses a prime mover
Synergist muscle that aids a prime
mover in a movement and helps prevent
rotation
Fixator stabilizes the origin of a prime
mover
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.35
 Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Location of the muscles origin and

insertion
Example: sterno (on the sternum)
Shape of the muscle
Example: deltoid (triangular)
Action of the muscle
Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.37
 Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Direction of muscle fibers

Example: rectus (straight)
Relative size of the muscle
Example: maximus (largest)

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.36a

 Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Location of the muscle

Example: many muscles are named
for bones (e.g., temporalis)
Number of origins
Example: triceps (three heads)

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.36b

 Head and Neck Muscles

Figure 6.14

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.38

 Trunk Muscles

Figure 6.15
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 Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles

Figure 6.16
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.40
 Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh

Figure 6.18c
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.41
 Muscles of the Lower Leg

Figure 6.19
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.42
 Superficial Muscles: Anterior

Figure 6.20

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.43

 Superficial Muscles: Posterior

Figure 6.21

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.44