Scribd
Upload
77 views23 pages

(Group C) : Matcts@nus - Edu.sg

This document is a summary of lecture notes on functions, limits, and continuity in calculus. It contains the following key points: 1. A function assigns a unique output value to each input value. It introduces examples of functions and discusses whether relations qualify as functions. 2. It covers basic operations on functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition. 3. Limits describe the behavior of a function near a point. The limit of a function as the input tends to a number is the value the function tends to. It provides examples of limits, including limits that do not exist. 4. A function is continuous if its limit equals its value at a point. It identifies

Uploaded by

lzyabc597
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
77 views23 pages

(Group C) : Matcts@nus - Edu.sg

This document is a summary of lecture notes on functions, limits, and continuity in calculus. It contains the following key points: 1. A function assigns a unique output value to each input value. It introduces examples of functions and discusses whether relations qualify as functions. 2. It covers basic operations on functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition. 3. Limits describe the behavior of a function near a point. The limit of a function as the input tends to a number is the value the function tends to. It provides examples of limits, including limits that do not exist. 4. A function is continuous if its limit equals its value at a point. It identifies

Uploaded by

lzyabc597
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

MA 1505

(Group C)
Chew Tuan Seng

[email protected]

Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Some Basics : Functions, Limits,


Differentiation
Integration
Reference:
Sequences & Series
Thomas Calculus
Fourier Series
Three Dimensional Space
Functions of Several Variables
Multiple Integrals
Webcast of
Line Integrals
Lectures
Surface Integrals
2

CH 1-Functions & Limits


1.1 Functions
y = x
y = x
y = sin x

Three Examples

A function is a rule that assigns to each x


a unique value y
x called independent variable
y called dependent variable

y x
2

Is y is a function of x?
No
Since for each x,
y x
y has two values
However x is a function of y

x y 1
2

Is y is a function of x?
No
Since for each x,
y has two values

y 1 x2

1.2 Basic Operations on Functions


Given: functions f & g
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Sum f + g : (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)


Difference f g : (f g)(x) = f(x) g(x)
Product f g : (f g)(x) = f(x) g(x)
Quotient f g : (f g)(x) = f(x) g(x)
x + sin x, ln x cos x,
x |x|, tan x = sin x cos x
5

Composition

(fg)(x) = f(g(x))
fg : f composed with g
& read f circle g
6

Example

1.3 Limits
In this section, not interested in the value of f(a).
interested in the values of f(x), when x near a.
interested in the behavior of f near a.
want to know:
when x tends to a, from the left and right,
does f(x) tend to a fixed value?
Suppose f(x) tends to a fixed value L. Then we
say :The limit of f(x) is L as x tends to a
Write:

lim f ( x) L

x a

1.3.1 Examples
1.

f(x) = sin x x (x 0)
sin x
1
lim
x 0
x

1.1 LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS

How to draw graph


http://www.graphmatica.com/

We can find limit if the graph is given


We shall give more examples

10

2.

lim f ( x)
x 1

lim f ( x)

x 2

-1

11

3.

lim f ( x) doesnt exist

x0

12

4.

lim
f ( x)
x 0

lim
f
(
x
)
does not exist
x 0

13

5.

1
lim x sin
x 0
x

14

6.

The above graph of sinx


oscillates between 1 and -1
limsin
x does not exist
x
lim sin x does not exist

15

1.3.2 Informal Definition


If f(x) tends to a fixed value L when x tends to a,
We say: the limit of f(x) is L as x tends to a.
Write:

lim f ( x) L

x a

16

1.3.3 Rules of Limits

17

* The additional notes below are not found in the lecture notes

1.3.4 Continuity
Intuitively, a function f is continuous at a ,
if f(x) tends to f(a) whenever x tends to a.
In other words

lim f ( x) f (a )

x a

Hence limit at a can be computed by substitution if f is


continuous at a.
A function f is discontinuous at a
if f has a jump at a.
18

The above function is continuous


everywhere
except at x=-2, -1 , 2

19

functions
are
AWhat
Polynomial
function is
continuous everywhere
3
continuous?
f ( x) x

4 x x 10
2

lim
f
(
x
)

f
(3)

(4)(3
)

10
x 3
3

A rational function is continuous everywhere


except at those points where its denominator is zero.
Rational function=poly/poly

x2 2x 4
x2 2x 4
f ( x) 2

x 5 x 6 ( x 3)( x 2)
f is continuous everywhere except
at 3, 2
20

Functions
are continuous everywhere

sin x

limsin
x

sin
2
x2
lim x 6 6

x 6

cos x

lim
cos
x

cos
4
x4
x
8
lim
a

a
x 8

)
ln x is continuous(0,on

denotes
interval from 0
to infinity, 0 not
included

21

1
3

x 3x x e
cos

2
x x6

is continuous everywhere except at 3 and -2.

1
3

1
3

x 3x x e
1 (3)(1) 1 e
lim
cos

cos

2
2
x 1
x x6
1 1 6

22

We have learnt two methods to find limits


namely by graph and substitution
We will learn another method
L Hospitals rule
in Chapter 2
End
23

You might also like