LECTURE-1
INTRODUCTION
TO
OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING SYSTEM(OOPS)
Objectives:
Know the difference between procedural programming
and OOP
Know basic terminology in OOP
Know the importance of OOP
Know four design principles of OOP
Know about OOP programming languages
PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
As the name suggests, focus is on Procedures.
Programs written in Procedural programming
language consist of functions.
These functions are interdependent, hence difficult
to separate.
Less reusability of code. program development
becomes a complex task.
Program and data are separated from each other.
Follow structured programming paradigm.
Structured programming
MAIN PROGRAM
FUNCTIO
FUNCTION
N1
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
GLOBAL DATA
FUNCTION
PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
As seen from figure:
Functions are interdependent
They share global data
Hence:
Procedures/functions are often hard to reuse.
programs are often hard to extend and maintain.
More maintenance cost.
Less data security.
Object Oriented Programming(OOP)
Program is broken into independent chunks called objects.
OOP enables us to consider each real world entity as object.
These objects can be integrated to form a complete program.
Some terminology
object - usually a person, place or thing (a noun)
method - an action performed by an object (a verb)
type or class - a category of similar objects (such as
automobiles)
Objects have both data and methods.
Key idea is Object oriented
OOP
Object 2
Object 1
Data
Data
Function
Function
Object 3
Data
Function
Advantages of OOP
Objects can be reused across various programs.
Cleaner code in short duration.
More data security.
More close to real world thus easier to understand.
More manageable.
Easier debugging
classes can be tested independently
reused objects have already been tested
Difference Between
Procedure Oriented Programming (POP)
&
Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
Object Oriented Programming
Basic terminologies
Object oriented Programming defined
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming
paradigm that represents concepts as "objects" that
have data fields (attributes that describe the object) and
associated procedures known as methods. Objects,
which are usually instances of classes, are used to
interact with one another to design applications and
computer programs.
Basic terminology
14
object
- usually a person, place or thing (a noun)
method
- an action performed by an object (a verb)
attribute
- description of objects in a class
class
- a category of similar objects (such as automobiles)
- does not hold any values of the objects attributes
What Is an Object?
Informally, an object represents an entity, either
physical, conceptual, or software.
Physical entity
Truck
Conceptual entity
Chemical
Process
Software entity
Linked List
A More Formal Definition
An object is an entity with a
Attributes
well-defined boundary and
identity that encapsulates
state and behavior.
State
is represented by
attributes
and
relationships.
Behavior is represented by
operations, methods, and
state machines.
Object
Operations
An Object Has State
The state of an object is one of the possible conditions in
which an object may exist.
The state of an object normally changes over time.
Professor Clark
Name: J Clark
Employee ID: 567138
Date Hired: July 25, 1991
Status: Tenured
Discipline: Finance
Maximum Course Load: 16 classes
Name: J Clark
Employee ID: 567138
HireDate: 07/25/1991
Status: Tenured
Discipline: Finance
MaxLoad: 3
Professor Clark
An Object Has Behavior
Behavior determines how an object acts and reacts.
The visible behavior of an object is modeled by the set of
messages it can respond to (operations the object can
perform).
Professor Clarks behavior
Submit Final Grades
Accept Course Offering
Take Sabbatical
Maximum Course Load: 3 classes
Su
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Professor Clark
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Professor Clark
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An Object Has Identity
Each object has a unique identity, even if the state is
identical to that of another object.
Professor J Clark
teaches Biology
Professor J Clark
teaches Biology
What Is a Class?
A class is a description of a set of objects that share the same
properties and behavior.
An object is an instance of a class.
Class: Professor
Objects
Attributes
- name
- employeeID : UniqueId
- hireDate
- status
- discipline
- maxLoad
Professor Smith
+ submitFinalGrade()
+ acceptCourseOffering()
+ setMaxLoad()
+ takeSabbatical()
Professor Mellon
Professor Jones
Professor
Operations
What Is an Attribute?
An attribute is a named property of a class that describes a
range of values that instances of the property may hold.
A class may have any number of attributes or no attributes
at all.
Student
Attributes
- name
- address
- studentID
- dateOfBirth
Attributes in Classes and Objects
Class
Student
name: M. Modano
address: 123 Main
studentID: 9
dateofBirth:
03/10/1967
Objects
- name
- address
- studentID
- dateOfBirth
name: D. Hatcher
address: 456 Oak
studentID: 2
dateofBirth: 12/11/1969
What Is an Operation?
An operation is the implementation of a service that can
be requested from any object of the class to affect
behavior.
A class may have any number of operations or none at
all.
Student
Operations
+ get tuition()
+ add schedule()
+ get schedule()
+ delete schedule()
+ has pre-requisites()
Example: class Professor
class Professor {
private String name;
private int age;
private String speciality;
public Professor (String sm, int ia, String ss) {
name = sm;
age = ia;
speciality = sst;
}
public String getName () { return name;}
public int getAge () { return age;}
public String getSpeciality () {
return speciality;}
Professor
- name : String
- age : int
- speciality : String
+getName() : String
+getAge() : int
+getSpeciality() : String
Example : Instance of Professor
wang : Professor
name = wang
age = 35
speciality = computer
Professor wang = new Professor (wang,
35,computer);
Basic Principles of Object Orientation
Polymorphism
Inheritance
Encapsulation
Abstraction
Object Orientation
Abstraction
"To represent the essential feature without representing the
background details."
lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.
provides you a generalized view of your classes or object by
providing relevant information.
process of hiding the working style of an object, and showing
the information of an object in an understandable manner.
Analogy:
When you drive a car, you dont have to know how the
gasoline and air are mixed and ignited.
Instead you only have to know how to use the controls.
Example
Real World Example of Abstraction
Suppose you have an object Mobile Phone.
Suppose you have 3 mobile phones as follows:
Nokia 1400 (Features:- Calling, SMS)
Nokia 2700 (Features:- Calling, SMS, FM Radio, MP3, Camera)
Black Berry (Features:-Calling, SMS, FM Radio, MP3, Camera, Video Recording, Reading
E-mails)
Abstract information (Necessary and Common Information)
make a call to any number
send SMS.
abstract class MobilePhone
{ public void Calling();
public void SendSMS();
}
Encapsulation
Wrapping up data member and method together into a
single unit (i.e. Class) is called Encapsulation.
Encapsulation is a technique used to protect the
information in an object from the other object.
Only objects methods can modify information in the
object.
Also known as information hiding.
one may think of information hiding as being the
principle and encapsulation being the technique.
Polymorphism
Polymorphismthe same word or phrase can be mean
different things in different contexts
Analogy: in English, bank can mean side of a river or a
place to put money
There can be two functions called output.
Each output method would do the right thing for the
type of argument it has.
One output might display a number whereas a different
one might display a name.
Example: Polymorphism
Get Current Value
get
Cu
rre
Stock
ntV
a lu
e()
get
Cu
rre
Bond
ntV
a lu
e()
get
Cu
rre
ntV
a lu
e()
Mutual Fund
In this example, a requesting object would like to know the current value of a financial instrument. However,
the current value for each financial instrument is calculated in a different fashion. The stock needs to
determine the current asking price in the financial market that it is listed under. The bond needs to determine
the time to maturity and interest rates. A mutual fund needs to look up the closing price from the day from
the fund management company.
In a non object-oriented development environment, we would write code that may look something like this:
IF financialInstrument = Stock THEN
calcStockValue()
IF financialInstrument = Bond THEN
calcBondValue()
IF financialInstrument = MutualFund THEN
calcMutualFundValue()
With object technology, each financial instrument can be represented by a class, and each class would know
how to calculate its own value. The requesting object simply needs to ask the specific object (for example,
Stock) to get its current value. The requesting object does not need to keep track of three different operation
signatures. It only needs to know one.
Polymorphism allows the same message to be handled in different ways depending on the object that
receives it.
Inheritance
Is the process by which new class is created from existing
class.
Derived classes have all the features of the base class in
addition to some new features.
The new inheriting class is called derived or sub class and
inherited class is called base or super class.
Term inheritance comes from inheritance of traits like eye
color, hair color, and so on.
Is an is a kind of relationship.
An Inheritance Hierarchy
Vehicle
Automobile
Sedan
Motorcycle
Sports Car
Bus
School Bus
Luxury Bus
Review: Introduction to Object Orientation
State 2 differences between functional
programming and OOP.
What are the four basic principles of object
orientation? Provide a brief description of each.
What is an Object and what is a Class? What is the
difference between them?
What is an Attribute?
What is an Operation?
Describe the strengths of object orientation.
