ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESS
BENDING STRESSES
ASSUMPTIONS
Concrete is
materials
homogeneous
elastic
Within the range of working stresses,
both the materials behave elastically
Plane sections before bending is
assumed to remain plane, which
implies
linear
stress-strain
relationship across the depth of the
beam.
STRESSES DUE TO
PRESTRESS
Stresses due to pre-stress
alone
a) Action of direct load
b) Bending resulting from an
eccentrically applied load
Notations
P = Pre-stressing force
e = Cccentricity of prestressing force
M= p.e = Moment
A= Cross sectional area of the concrete
member
I = moment of inertia of area of section
about its centroid
Zt and Zb = Section modulus of the top
and bottom fibers
Yt and yb = Distance of the top and
bottom fibers from
the centroid of
Stresses Due to Pre-stress
Resultant stresses due to Prestress, DL and LL
Problem
A pre-stressed concrete rectangular beam of
size 500mm x 750mm has a simple span of
7.30 m and is loaded by a uniform load of
45kN/m including its own weight. The prestressing tendon is located at a distance 145
mm from the C.G.C. And produces an effective
pre-stress of 1620kN. Compute fiber stresses in
the concrete at the mid span section. Show the
resultant stress distribution.
Losses of pre-stress
The initial pre-stress in the concrete undergoes a gradual
reduction with time from the stage of transfer due to various
reasons. This is generally referred to as Loss of Pre-Stress.
A reasonably good estimate of the magnitude of pre-stress is
necessary from the point of view of design.
The losses are broadly classified into two groups, immediate
and time-dependent.
The
immediate losses occur during prestressing of the
tendons and the transfer of prestress to the concrete
member.
The time-dependent losses occur during the service life of
the prestressed member.
Losses of prestress
Types of
Losses
Short
term
losses
Long term
losses
Causes of various Losses
Loss due to Elastic Deformation
Pre-tensioned Members
When the tendons are cut and the prestressing
force is transferred to the member, the
concrete undergoes immediate shortening due
to the prestress.
The tendon also shortens by the same
amount, which leads to the loss of prestress.
Post-tensioned Members
If there is only one tendon, there is no loss
because the applied prestress is recorded after
the elastic shortening of the member.
For more than one tendon, if the tendons are
stretched equentially, there is loss in a tendon
ELASTIC SHORTENING OF PRE-TENSIONED
MEMBER
The loss of stress due to elastic deformation of
concrete depends on the modular ratio and the
average stress in the concrete at the level of
steel.
The quantification of the losses is explained
below.
Friction Losses in Pre-stress
The friction generated at the interface of concrete and
steel during the stretching of a curved tendon in a posttensioned member, leads to a drop in the prestress along
the member from the stretching end.
The friction is generated due to the curvature of the
tendon. The following figure shows a typical profile (laying
pattern) of the tendon in a continuous beam.
In addition to friction, the stretching has to overcome the
wobble of the tendon.
The wobble refers to the change in position of the tendon
along the duct. The losses due to friction and wobble are
grouped together under friction
Friction Curvature Loss
When the jacking force is applied, there is a
friction between the tendon and the duct
that prevents the interior parts of the
beam/slab from feeling the full force:
Friction Wobble Loss
This loss is due to unintentional variation
of the duct from the prescribed profile
Loss due to Friction
Coefficient of friction ()
Curvature of the tendon (d)
P0 = the pre-stress at the stretching end after any loss
due to elastic shortening
The amount of pre-stressing force (P)
Losses due to shrinkage of concrete
The shrinkage of concrete in pre-stressed
members results in a shortening of
tensioned wires and hence contributes to
the loss of stress.
The shrinkage of concrete is influenced by
the type of cement and aggregates and
the method of curing.
Primary cause of shrinkage is highere at
the surface of the members.
The residual shrinkage strain will be larger
in pre-tensioned members after transfer of
pre-stress in comparision with posttensioned members.
Loss of prestress due to shrinkage as per
IS:1343-1980.
total residual shrinkage strain (s)
(s) = 300 x (10)-6
(s) = [200 x (10)-6]/ log(t+2))
where t= age of concrete at transfer in
days.
Loss of stress = s x Es
LOSS DUE TO CREEP OF CONCRETE
Creep of concrete is defined as the increase in
deformation with time under constant load. Due to the
creep of concrete, the prestress in the tendon is reduced
with time.
The loss of pre stress due to creep of concrete can be
estimated if the magnitude of ultimate creep strain or
creep co-efficient is known.
1) Ultimate creep strain method
the loss of stress in steel due to creep of concrete = cc
fc Es.
cc= ultimate creep strainfor sustained prestress
fc = compressive stress in concrete at the level of steel.
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel.
2) Creep Co-efficient Method
Loss of stress in steel = mfc
Loss due to relaxation o steel
Relaxation of steel is defined as the
decrease in stress with time under constant
strain. Due to the relaxation of steel, the
prestress in the tendon is reduced with
time. The relaxation depends on the type of
steel, initial prestress (fpi) and the
temperature.
Most of the codes provide for the loss of
stress due to relaxation of steel as a
percentage of the initial stress in steel.
The indian standard recommends a value
varying from 0 to 90N/mm2 for stress in
wires varying from 0.5fpu to 0.8 fpu
LOSS DUE TO ANCHORAGE
SLIP
In most of the post tensioning systems,
when the cable is tensioned and the jack is
released to transfer pre-stress to concrete.
The friction wedges, employed to grip the
wires, slip over a small distance before the
wires are firmly housed between the
wedges.
The magnitude of slip depends upon the
type of wedge and the stress in the wires.
LOSS DUE TO ANCHORAGE
SLIP
The magnitude of the loss of stress due
to the slip in anchorage is
P/A = (Es)/L
= slip of anchorage
L = length of the cable
A = Cross sectional area of the cable
Es = Modulus of elasticity of steel in N/mm2
P = Pre-stressing force in the tendon
Total losses allowed for in
design
% Loss of Pre stress
Type of loss
Elastic
shortening
Creep of
concrete
Shrinkage of
concrete
Creep in steel
total
Pre tensionong
4
Post
tensioning
1
8
25
8
20
