Seismic Design of
Concrete
Structure
Seismic Design of Concrete
Structure
Earthquakes occur in many regions of the
world. In certain locations where the intensity
of the ground shaking is small, the designer
does not have to consider seismic effects.
In other locations-particularly in regions near
an active geological fault (a fracture line in
the rock structure), such as the San Andreas
fault that runs along the western coast of
California-large ground motions frequently
occur that can damage or destroy buildings
and bridges in large areas of cities
Assuming the building is fixed at its base, the
displacement of floors will vary from zero at
the base to a maximum at the roof
Earthquake focus and
epicenter
Distribution of magnitude
5 or greater earthquakes,
1980 - 1990
There are several analytical procedures to
determine the magnitude of the base shear
for which buildings must be designed, we will
equivalent lateral
force procedure, described in the
only consider the
ANSI/ASCE and UBC standard. Using this
procedure, we compute the magnitude of the
Palestine
S D1 0.10
S DS 0.21
Table 2:
Design Coefficients & Factors for Basic Seismic-Force-Resisting
Story Drift & The P-Delta Effect
,Allowable Story Drift
Important Factor
Overturning
Example 1
Determine the design seismic forces acting at each
floor of the six-story office building in Figure below.
D.L=8kN/m2
L.L=2.5kN/m2
Shear wall system
N
25m
18m
S D1W
V
TR I
S D1 0.10
W 8(25)(18)(6) 21600kN
T 0.0488 20 0.462
3
4
R 4 Shear Wall
I 1
0.10 21600
V
1169 kN
4
0.462( 1 )
Vmin 0.0441( IS DSW ) 0.0441(1)(0.21)21600 200kN
Vmax
S DSW 0.21(21600)
1134 kN
R
4
I
1
T=0.462 < 0.5 then k=1
:Note
Column 4 = column 3a * Column 2
) )Fx = column 5 * (V = 1134)
Vx = cumulative column 6
Mx = moment from Fx can calculated from shear Area
Shear Wall Design
Introduction
Shear walls
provide a
high in-plane stiffness and
strength for both lateral and
gravity loads, and are ideally
suitable for tall buildings,
especially those conceived in
reinforced concrete. Tall
buildings designed to carry the
entire lateral loading through
shear walls can be economical to
heights of around 40 stories.
Taller structures should combine
shear walls with other structural
systems.
Shear Wall design
Shear Wall Design Steps
1- Calculate External Load
Mu
Vu
Pu
2- boundary element check
bh 3 bwlw
Ig
12
12
P MC
fc
A
I
if
f c 0.2 f c'
Then boundary elements are not required
Then choose the one of:
lb (0.2 0.25)lw
bw
lw
lb (0.2 0.25)lw
bb
bw
lw
3- Longitudinal Reinforcement
At least two curtains of reinforcement are needed
in the wall if the in-plane factored shear exceed a
value of
'
Acv
fc
hw
2 Vu Vn Acv
if
lw
hw
1.5 Vu Vn Acv
if
lw
0.6
Vn max
4 Acv f c
'
Acv lwbw
f c'
n f y
f c'
n f y
Minimum reinforcement
if Vu
f c'
Acv
6
v 0.0025
h 0.0025
if Vu
f c'
Acv
6
for bar 16
v 0.0012
h 0.0020
for bar 16
v 0.0015
h 0.0025
4- Verify adequacy of shear wall section at its
base under combined axial load and bending
moment
Mu
Pu
M u Pu
,
interaction diagram
Ag lw Ag
As Ag
lb (0.2 0.25)lw
bb
Asb As Asv
Asb area of reinforcement in boundary elements
Asv area of reinforcement in (lw 2lb )
bw
lw
5- Boundary element transverse reinforcement
'
fc
Ash 0.09 S hc
f yh
Ag
fc'
Ash 0.3 S hc
1
Ach f yh
You must check it in two dimension
h
bc
b
hc
Example 1
Design the following shear wall
1- Calculate External Load
Moment
Shear
Force
bw 0.2m
l w 4m
2- boundary element check
bl
0.2 4
Ig w w
1.067
12
12
1500 8800 2
6
2
fc
*10 18.4MN / m 0.2(30) 6Mpa
0.2 4 1.067
Boundary element required
3
0.8 (0.2 0.25)4
bw 0.2
lw 4
bb 0.3
3- Longitudinal Reinforcement
At least two curtains of reinforcement are needed
in the wall if the in-plane factored shear exceed a
value of
Acv f c' 200( 4000) 30
730.3kN Vu 660kN
6
6
Minimum reinforcement
Vu
f c'
Acv
6
for bar 16
v 0.0012 Asv 0.00121000 200 240mm 2 2.4cm 2
S max 45cm
use 12 @ 25cm each direction
h 0.0020 Asv 0.0021000 200 400mm 2 4cm 2
S max 45cm
use 12 @ 25cm each direction
4- Verify adequacy of shear wall section at its
base under combined axial load and bending
M u moment
8800 10 6 N .m
Pu 1500 103 N
Ag 4 2 0.8 0.2 2 0.8 0.3 1m 2 110 6 mm 2
Mu
8800 10 6
2.2MPa 0.31ksi
6
Ag lw 110 4000
Pu 1500 103
1.5MPa 0.21ksi
6
Ag
1 10
0.9
0.01
lb (0.2 0.25)lw
bb
As Ag 0.01(1 106 ) 10000mm 2 100cm 2
Asb As Asv 100 ( 02..256 2 1.13) 76.5cm 2
38.25cm 2 for each boundary element use 1618
bw
lw
5- Boundary element transverse reinforcement h
'
fc
Ash 0.09 S hc
f yh
Ag
fc'
Ash 0.3 S hc
1
Ach f yh
Check short direction
S 120mm
hc 80 2(3 1.8) 70.4cm
bc
b
hc
Check short direction
Check long direction
bc 30 2(3 1.8) 20.4cm
'
f
30
Ash 0.09 S hc c 0.09(120)(704)
543.2mm 2 5.4cm 2
f yh
420
Check long direction
S 120mm
hc 80 2(3 1.8) 70.4cm
bc 30 2(3 1.8) 20.4cm
'
fc
30
Ash 0.09 S bc
0.09(120)(204)
160mm 2 1.6cm 2
f yh
420
Ash 1.6cm 2
in short direction use 2 legs close hoop 10 & 2 internal legs 16
2(0.79) 2(2.01) 5.6cm 2
in short direction use 2 legs close hoop 10
2(0.79) 1.6cm 2
Design Example
Design Shear wall 1 & 2 in the figur
Gaza City
3.0
3.0
D.L=8kN/m2
L.L=2.5kN/m2
5.0
2
5.0
7.5
5.0
20.0
5.0
10
5.0
3.0
3.0
5.0
20.0
1- calculate the length of shear wall 1
n
I i yi
y
i 1 I i
3.0
3.0
5.0
2
7.5
53 0.2
I2
2.08,
12
y2 7.5
L3 0.2
I1
0.0166 L3 ,
12
y1 10
10
3.0
L
20.0
I i yi
I1 y1 I 2 y2 2.08(7.5) 0.0166 L3 (10)
y
0
I1 I 2
I1 I 2
i 1 I i
n
2.08(7.5) 0.0166 L3 (10) 0
L1 4.5m
20.0
3.0
2- Seismic Shear for the total building
V
S D1W
TR I
S D1 0.10
W 8(20)(20)(5) 16000kN
T 0.0488 25 0.55
R 4 Shear Wall
I 1.25
3
4
0.1016000
909kN
4
0.55( 1.25 )
Vmin 0.0441( IS DSW ) 0.0441(1.25)(0.21)16000 185.2kN
Vmax
S DSW 0.21(16000)
1050kN
R
4
I
1.25
For the total Building
T=0.55> 0.5 k 1 T 20.5 1.025
V = 909 kN
M =16726 kN.m
For shear walls
x
Vi (a b) V
M i ( a b) M
a
Ii
n
I
i 1
I i yi
C.R 0.05( L)
2
2
I iy yi I ix xi
In this example without neglect the effect of twist for
2
3.0
For shear wall No. 1
3.0
5.0
2
7.5
20.0
Ii
I
i 1
0.2 4.53
12
b 0.024
0.2 4.53
12
3
0.2 4.5
0.253
12
12
0.42
10
3.0
(10)
2
0.2 4.53
12
0.253
12
10
(7.5) 4
2
0.233
12
(10)
(0.05 20)
3.0
L
20.0
3- In this example we will neglect the effect of twist f
2
For shear wall No. 1
3.0
3.0
5.0
2
Ii
n
Ii
0.2 4.53
12
3
0.2 4.5
0.253
12
12
7.5
0.42
20.0
i 1
10
Vi (a) V 0.42 909 382kN
M i (a ) M 0.42 16726 7025kN .m
3.0
3.0
L
20.0
For shear wall No. 2
a 0.58
Vi (a) V 0.58 909 528kN
M i (a) M 0.58 16726 9702kN .m
4- Shear wall design
boundary element check
bl
0.2 4.5
Ig w w
1.519
12
12
7025 2.25
1500
3
2
fc
*10 12.072 MN / m 0.2(30) 6Mpa
1.519
0.2 4.5
Boundary element required
3
0.9 (0.2) 4.5
bw 0.2m
l w 4.5m
Longitudinal Reinforcement
At least two curtains of reinforcement are needed
in the wall if the in-plane factored shear exceed a
value of
Acv f c' 200(4500) 30
821.6kN Vu 382kN
6
6
Minimum reinforcement
Vu
f c'
Acv
6
for bar 16
v 0.0012 Asv 0.00121000 200 240mm 2 2.4cm 2
S max 45cm
use 12 @ 25cm each direction
h 0.0020 Asv 0.0021000 200 400mm 2 4cm 2
S max 45cm
use 12 @ 25cm each direction
Verify adequacy of shear wall section at its
base under combined axial load and bending
M umoment
8800 106 N .m
Pu 1500 103 N
Ag 4.5 0.2 0.9m 2 0.9 106 mm 2
Mu
7025 106
1.73MPa 0.25ksi
6
Ag lw
0.9 10 4500
Pu 1500 103
1.66 MPa 0.24ksi
6
Ag
0.9 10
0.9
0.01
0.9 (0.2) 4.5
bw 0.2m
As Ag 0.01(0.9 106 ) 9000mm 2 90cm 2
Asb As Asv 90 ( 4.50.225( 0.9 ) 2 1.13) 65.6cm 2
32.8cm 2 for each boundary element use 1616
lw 4.5m
Boundary element transverse reinforcement
'
fc
Ash 0.09 S hc
f yh
Ag
fc'
Ash 0.3 S hc
1
Ach f yh
Check short direction
S 100mm
hc 90 2(3 1.8) 80.4cm
bc
b
hc
Check short direction
Check long direction
bc 20 2(3 1.8) 10.4cm
'
f
30
Ash 0.09 S hc c 0.09(100)(804)
516.9mm 2 5.2cm 2
f yh
420
Check long direction
S 100mm
hc 90 2(3 1.8) 80.4cm
bc 20 2(3 1.8) 10.4cm
'
fc
30
Ash 0.09 S hc
0.09(100)(104)
66.8mm 2 0.7cm 2
f yh
420
in short direction use 2 legs close hoop 10 & 2 internal legs 16
2(0.79) 2(2.01) 5.6cm 2
in short direction use 2 legs close hoop 10
2(0.79) 1.6cm 2
Repeat the last procedure for Shear wall 2
