INTRODUCTORY LECTURE
ON
ARDUINO
ELECTRONICS &
ROBOTICS CLUB
SWAPNIL
UPADHYAY
WHAT IS ARDUINO?
Open-source electronics prototyping platform
You can make your own board, or buy one.
Easy-to-use hardware and software
Cheap, easily available.
Open Source Software.
Very widespread, many projects openly
available.
Extra HW (shields) available.
Usb programmable
OPEN SOURCE
OPEN SOURCE HARDWARE
OPEN SOURCE BOOTLOADER
OPEN SOURCE DEVELOPMENT KIT
COMMUNITY DRIVEN SUPPORT
ARDUINO I/O BOARDS
MORE BOARDS
15 CURRENT BOARDS
COMPATIBLE BOARDS
DIAVOLINO
Ruggeduino
SHIELDS
SHIELDS
Datalogging Shield
Touchscreen Shield
Wave Shield
Modules
Bluetooth Module
GPS Module
Temperature &
Humidity Sensor
RFID Module
Sensors and Modules
Gas Sensor Temp & Humidity
Fingerprint Scanner
Flex Sensor
Geiger Counter
How to get started
Youll need a board of course.
You will need arduino software.
Mac, Windows and Linux friendly versions
available
Then you are ready to plug it in!
Not so fast!
Its important to note at this stage that Arduinos
are electronic devices.
Different arduinos operate at different voltages.
You need to make sure that that you are providing
the right voltage to the input pins and arduino.
Arduino Environment
Arduino Environment
Selecting Board Type
Selecting COM Port
Basic Parts of the Sketch
Led Blinking Code
// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.
int led = 13;
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
// initialize the digital pin as an output.
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(1000);
// wait for a second
digitalWrite(led, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
delay(1000);
// wait for a second
}
Internal Pullup And Pulldown
Assuming the sensor is connected to pin 12
For pulling Down a pin, Syntax is:
pinmode(12,INPUT_PULLDOWN);
For Pulling up a pin ,Syntax is:
pinmode(12,INPUT_PULLUP);
Analog input and outputs
Only pins beginning with alphabet A can be used to take
analog input.
Syntax: analogRead(pin);
Analog Output can be given only on pwm pins and in case of
Arduno Due, it can also be given on DAC0 and DAC1 pins.
DAC stands for digital to analog and converts the digital signal
to analog.
Arduino Due contains inbuilt 12 bit DACs which can be for giving
good quality analog output preferable for sound.
Syntax: analogWrite(pin, value);
In case of pwm value varies between 0-255
In case of DAC you can set resolution by
analogWriteResolution(bits)
Thus in case of dac value can go upto 2^12.
Installing Libraries
Download the zip file
Extract the file
Save the folder in /arduino/Libraries/(Name of
library)
Library name should not contain special
characters.
External Interrupts
noInterrupts();
Disables the interrupts for the code written after the function;
interrupts();
Re-enables interrupts (after they've been disabled by
noInterrupts())
Example
void setup() {}
void loop()
{
noInterrupts();
// critical, time-sensitive code here
interrupts();
// other code here
}
External Interrupts
attachInterrupt(interrupt, function, mode)
attachInterrupt(pin, function, mode) (for arduino
due)
Board
int.0
int.1
int.2
int.3
int.4
int.5
Uno,
Etherne
t
Mega25
60
21
20
19
Leonard
o
Due
All pins can be used for external interrupts
18
External Interrupts
interrupt:
the number of the interrupt (int)
Parameters
pin:
function:
mode:
the pin number
(Arduino Due only)
the function to call when the interrupt
occurs; this function must take no
parameters and return nothing. This
function is sometimes referred to as
an interrupt service routine.
defines when the interrupt should be
triggered. Four contstants are
predefined as valid values:
LOW to trigger the interrupt
whenever the pin is low,
CHANGE to trigger the interrupt
whenever the pin changes value
RISING to trigger when the pin goes
from low to high,
FALLING for when the pin goes from
high to low.
The Due board allows also:
HIGH to trigger the interrupt
whenever the pin is high.
Example(external interrupts)
Example
int pin = 13;
volatile int state = LOW;
void setup()
{
pinMode(pin, OUTPUT);
attachInterrupt(0, blink, CHANGE);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(pin, state);
}
void blink()
{
state = !state;
}
External Interrupts
detachInterrupt(interrupt);
detachInterrupt(pin);
only)
Turns off the given interrupt.
(for Arduino Due
Timers and Internal Interrupts
initialize(period)
Required to use any function of the library
setPeriod(period)
Sets the period of the timer (highest being 1Mhz)
pwm(pin, duty, period)
Generates a PWM waveform on the specified pin
setPwmDuty(pin, duty)
A fast way change duty
attachInterrupt(function, period)
Calls the function after the given period in
microseconds
Timers and Internal Interrupts
detachInterrupt()
Disables the attached interrupt.
disablePwm(pin)
Turns PWM off for the specified pin so you can use that pin
for something else.
read();
Reads the time since last rollover
Library can be downloaded from here
Sample Code
include "TimerOne.h"
void setup()
{
pinMode(10, OUTPUT);
Timer1.initialize(500000); // initialize timer1, and set a 1/2 second period
Timer1.pwm(9, 512); // setup pwm on pin 9, 50% duty cycle
Timer1.attachInterrupt(callback); // attaches callback() as a timer overflow interrupt
}
void callback()
{
digitalWrite(10, digitalRead(10) ^ 1);
}
void loop()
{
// your program here...
}
UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter
UART is a simple half-duplex, asynchronous, serial
protocol.
Simple communication between two equivalent
nodes.
Any node can initiate communication.
Since connection is half-duplex, the two lanes of
communication are completely independent.
UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter
What makes it universal ?
Its parameters (format , speed ..) are configurable.
Why asynchronous ?
It doesnt have a clock .
UART Basics
Baud Rate:
No. of bits transmitted/received per second =
_____bits/sec.
Format of Communication
UART Basics
Connections for UART
UART Characteristics
The speed of communication (measured in bauds)
is predetermined on both ends.
A general rule of thumb is to use 9600 bauds for
wired communication.
UART implements error detection in the form of
parity bit.
Parity Bit
Parity bit is HIGH when number of 1s in the Data
is odd.
Respectively, it is LOW when number of 1s in the
Data is even
Connecting ARDUINO with Computer
Latest Direct Way
Serial Communication:
Serial Monitor
Serial Communication:
Serial Monitor
Coding for Arduino
Serial.begin(speed)
Sets the data rate in bits per second (baud) for serial data transmission.
Serial.end()
Disables serial communication, allowing the RX and TX pins to be used
for general input and output.
To re-enable serial communication, call Serial.begin().
Serial.read()
Reads incoming serial data
Serial.println(val)
Serial.println(val, format)
Prints data to the serial port as human-readable ASCII text followed by a
carriage return character (ASCII 13, or '\r') and a newline character
(ASCII 10, or '\n')
Coding For Arduino
Serial.print(val)
Serial.print(val, format)
Prints data to the serial port as human-readable ASCII text.
Serial.flush()
Waits for the transmission of outgoing serial data to
complete. (Prior to Arduino 1.0, this instead removed any
buffered incoming serial data.)
Serial.available()
Get the number of bytes (characters) available for reading
from the serial port. This is data that's already arrived and
stored in the serial receive buffer (which holds 64 bytes).
Sample Code for Arduino
Int incomingByte = 0;
// for incoming serial data
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
// opens serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps
}
void loop() {
// send data only when you receive data:
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
// read the incoming byte:
incomingByte= Serial.read();
// say what you got:
Serial.print("I received: ");
Serial.println(incomingByte, DEC);
}
}
SPI Serial Peripheral
Interface
SPI
Serial ??
Because it works on serial mode of transfer. It is
also synchronous and full duplex.
Peripheral Interface.
Because it has the capability of communicating
with many nodes.
How?? Let us see.
SPI
In SPI, the sender and receiver follows a masterslave relationship.
There may be multiple nodes in the network.
One node is master, the rest are slaves.
The communication is always initiated by the
master.
The slaves can communicate only with the
master.
How do master selects the slave??
SPI Schematics: Single Slave
SPI Pins
CLK is generated by Master and is used as the
mode is synchronous.
MOSI is Master Out Slave In: Data sent by Master
to Slave.
MISO is Master In Slave Out: Data sent by Slave
to Master.
SSSS is slave select: Slave communicates with
Master only if this pins value is set as LOW.
SPI Schematics: Single Slave
SPI Schematics: Multiple
Slaves
Data Transfer in SPI
M0
MASTER
MOSI
MISO
S0
M1
S1
M2
S2
M3
S3
M4
S4
M5
S5
M6
S6
M7
S7
SLAVE
Data Transfer in SPI
M1
MASTER
MOSI
MISO
S1
M2
S2
M3
S3
M4
S4
M5
S5
M6
S6
M7
S7
S0
M0
SLAVE
Data Transfer in SPI
M2
MASTER
MOSI
MISO
S2
M3
S3
M4
S4
M5
S5
M6
S6
M7
S7
S0
M0
S1
M1
SLAVE
Data Transfer in SPI
S0
MASTER
MOSI
MISO
M0
S1
M1
S2
M2
S3
M3
S4
M4
S5
M5
S6
M6
S7
M7
SLAVE
Clock Polarity (CPOL)
The value of CPOL bit decides the value of Clock
(SCK) in its idle state.
When CPOL = 1 , SCK is 5V in idle state.
When CPOl = 0 , SCK is 0V in idle state.
CPOL
Leading (First)
Edge
Trailing (Last) Edge
0 (low)
Rising
Falling
1 (high)
Falling
Rising
Clock Phase ( CPHA)
The settings of the Clock Phase bit (CPHA)
determine if data is sampled on the leading (first)
or trailing (last) edge of SCK
CPHA
Sample
0 (half)
Leading Edge
1 (start)
Trailing Edge
Modes of SPI
Two - Two possible values of CPOL and CPHA bits
gives rise to 4 modes of SPI
Mode
Clock Polarity
(CPOL)
Clock Phase (CPHA)
SPI Transfer Format with CPHA
=0
SPI Transfer Format with CPHA
=1
SPI Code for Arduino
SPI.begin();
Initializes the SPI bus by setting SCK, MOSI, and SS to
outputs, pulling SCK and MOSI low, and SS high.
SPI.end();
Disables the SPI bus (leaving pin modes unchanged).
setClockDivider(divider)
Sets the SPI clock divider relative to the system clock.
The default setting is SPI_CLOCK_DIV4, which sets the
SPI clock to quarter of system clock.
SPI.setDataMode(mode)
Sets the SPI data mode: that is, clock polarity and phase.
SPI Code for Arduino
SPI.setBitOrder(order)
Sets the order of the bits shifted out of and into the
SPI bus, either LSBFIRST (least-significant bit first)
or MSBFIRST (most-significant bit first).
