Presented by:
Abhi Thakkar
EN. NO.
201303100510106
Guided by :
Asst. Prof. Bhargav Patel
Mechanical Department
CGPIT
INTRODUCTION
CRYOGENIC CYCLE
ADVANTAGES OF CRYO-PROCESS
APPLICATIONS
CRYOGENIC MEDIAS
METALLURGY OF CRYOGENIC PROCESSING
CRYOGENIC EFFECTS
Industrial Applications
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The word Cryogenics is derived from the
Greek words Kryos(meaning cold) and
"Genes" (meaning born).
Cryogenics is the study of how to get to low
temperatures and of how materials behave
when they get there.
Cryogenic processing is a supplementary
process to conventional heat treatment
process in steels.
Cryogenic temperatures are defined by the
Cryogenic Society of America as being
temperatures below 120K (-244F, -153C).
(i)RAMP DOWN: Lowering the temperature of
the object
(ii)SOAK: Holding the temperature low
(iii)RAMP UP: Bringing the temperature back
up to room temperature
(iv)TEMPER RAMP UP: Elevating the
temperature to above ambient
(v)TEMPER HOLD : Holding the elevated
temperature for a specific time
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Homogenizes the Crystal Structure.
Grain Structure refinement.
Improved structural compactness.
Reduces Deformation significantly.
Retained austenite is converted to a fine
martensite matrix.
Change mechanical Properties like microhardness, Tensile Strength etc.
7.Improvement in dimensional stability.
8.Relieves residual Stresses.
9.Several fold improvement in hot hardness.
10.Significant improvement in material
toughness.
11.Produces stronger, denser parts for better
performance and longer service life .
12.The abrasion resistance of the metal and the
fatigue resistance will be increase.
Gun barrels: increases the wear life of the barrel
and makes cleaning easier and faster.
Grinding: allows a better cut, less wheel dressing, a
better finish, and less tensile residual induced into
the work piece.
Engine parts:Engines turn more freely. There is up
to a four percent increase in the torque across the
rpm range.
Compact Discs: The effect is a permanent increase
in the quality of sound coming from the disk.
Cont
Aluminum
piston alloy structure :more wear resistant surface,
higher yield and ultimate strength. significant abrasive wear
improvement.
Fig.:2-
Cryogenically treated
Fig.:2-
Cryogenically treated
Fig.:3
Non- Cryogenically treated
Fig.:3
Non- Cryogenically treated
Liquid oxygen used in rocket propulsion.
Liquid nitrogen is used as a coolant.
Helium, which is much rarer than oxygen
or nitrogen, is also used as a coolant.
In many steels, the transformation of austenite to
martensite is complete when the part reaches room
temperature. (I.e. other steels, however, including
many tool steels, some of the softer austenite phase is
retained)
The martensitic structure resists the plastic
deformation much better than the austenitic structure,
because the carbon atoms in the martensitic lattice lock
together the iron atoms more effectively than in the
more open-centered cubic austenite lattice.
The change brought about by cryogenic processing
is permanent.
It affects the entire volume of the material.
Cryogenic processing establishes a very stable piece
of metal that remains distortion free.
The process provides the materials a stronger,
denser and more-coherent structure thus increasing
the abrasive resistance and thermal and electrical
conductivity.
Extended Life and Durability of:
i)Machining: lathes,drill bits,cutting&milling tools
ii)Pulp & Paper industry : saws, chippers, millers
and cutters
iii)Oil & Gas industry: drilling, compression, pumps,
pump
iv)Valves and fittings Mining: drill bits,drilling steel,
slasher teeth and face cutters
.
v) Food Processing: grinders, knives and
extruding dies
vi) Textiles: scissors, needles and cutting tools
vii) Wood Fabricating: saws, drill bits, routing
bits and planes
viii) Dental and Surgical Instruments.
Cryogenic Processing is not a substitute for heattreating.
These benefits extend to cast iron, aluminum,
stainless steels, and other materials.
The scope of cryogenics has expanded widely
from basic military and space applications to
various civil applications.
Advances in Cryogenic engineering-Plenum
(1967)Thornton, Peter A., and Vito J. Colangelo.
Fundamentals of Engineering Materials.
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. 1985.
R.J. Allen, Cryogenics, 1964
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