Seventh Edition in SI Units
CHAPTER
MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
David F. Mazurek
Sanjeev Sanghi
Introduction
Concept of Stress
Lecture Notes:
Brock E. Barry
U.S. Military Academy
Sanjeev Sanghi
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
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Seventh Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contents
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Concept of Stress
Bearing Stress in Connections
Review of Statics
Stress Analysis & Design Example
Structure Free-Body Diagram
Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
Component Free-Body Diagram
Pin Shearing Stresses
Method of Joints
Pin Bearing Stresses
Stress Analysis
Stress in Two Force Members
Design
Stress on an Oblique Plane
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
Maximum Stresses
Centric & Eccentric Loading
Stress Under General Loadings
Shearing Stress
State of Stress
Shearing Stress Examples
Factor of Safety
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Concept of Stress
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
The main objective of the study of the mechanics
of materials is to provide the future engineer with
the means of analyzing and designing various
machines and load bearing structures.
Both the analysis and design of a given structure
involve the determination of stresses and
deformations. This chapter is devoted to the
concept of stress.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Review of Statics
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
The structure is designed to
support a 30 kN load
The structure consists of a
boom AB and rod BC joined by
pins (zero moment connections)
at the junctions and supports
Fig. 1.1 Boom used to support a 30-kN load.
Perform a static analysis to
determine the reaction forces at
the supports and the internal
force in each structural member
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Structure Free-Body Diagram
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are
indicated to produce a free-body diagram
Conditions for static equilibrium:
M
0 Ax 0.6 m 30 kN 0.8 m
Ax 40 kN
0 Ax C x
0 Ay C y 30 kN 0
C x Ax 40 kN
y
Ay C y 30 kN
Fig. 1.2 Free-body diagram of boom showing
Applied load and reaction forces.
Ay and Cy cannot be determined from
these equations
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Component Free-Body Diagram
In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
Consider a free-body diagram of the boom AB:
M B 0 Ay 0.8 m
Ay 0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y 30 kN
Fig. 1.3 Free-body diagram of member AB freed from
structure.
Results:
A 40 kN C x 40 kN C y 30 kN
Reaction forces are directed along the
boom and rod
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Method of Joints
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Joints must satisfy the conditions for static
equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force
triangle:
FB 0
FAB FBC 30 kN
4
5
3
FAB 40 kN
FBC 50 kN
Fig. 1.4 Free-body diagram of booms joint B and
associated force triangle.
The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at the ends of the members
For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to
an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions
Fig. 1.5 Free-body diagrams of two-force
members AB and BC.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress Analysis
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN load
if rod BC has a diameter of 20 mm?
From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
dBC = 20 mm
Fig. 1.1 Boom used to support a 30-kN load.
At any section through member BC, the
internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
P
50 103 N
BC
159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m 2
From the material properties for steel, the
allowable stress is
all 165 MPa
Fig. 1.7 Axial force represents the
resultant of distributed elementary forces.
Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Design
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum all= 100 MPa) What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P
all
A
d2
A
4
Fig. 1.1 Boom used to support a 30-kN load.
all
50 103 N
100 106 Pa
500 10 6 m 2
4A
4 500 10 6 m 2
d
2.52 10 2 m 25.2 mm
An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is
adequate
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
The force intensity on that section is defined as
the normal stress.
Fig. 1.9 Small area A, at an arbitrary cross
section point carries/axial F in this member.
F
A0 A
lim
ave
P
A
The normal stress at a particular point may not be
equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P ave A dF dA
A
Fig. 1.10 Stress distributions at different
sections along axially loaded member.
The actual distribution of stresses is statically
indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Centric & Eccentric Loading
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.
Fig. 1.12 Centric loading having resultant forces
passing through the centroid of the section.
A uniform distribution of stress is only
possible if the line of action of the
concentrated loads P and P passes through
the centroid of the section considered. This is
referred to as centric loading.
If a two-force member is eccentrically
loaded, then the resultant of the stress
distribution in a section must yield an axial
force and a moment.
Fig. 1.13 An example of simple eccentric loading.
The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded
members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Shearing Stress
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Forces P and P are applied transversely to the
member AB.
Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
Fig. 1.14 Opposing transverse loads creating
shear on member AB.
The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
The corresponding average shear stress is,
ave
P
A
Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
Fig. 1.15 This shows the resulting internal shear
force on a section between transverse forces.
The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Double Shear
Fig. 1.16 Bolt subject to single shear.
Fig. 1.18 Bolt subject to double shear.
Fig. 1.17 (a) Diagram of bolt in single shear;
(b) section E-E of the bolt
Fig. 1.19 (a) Diagram of bolt in double shear;
(b) section K-K and L-L of the bolt.
ave
P F
A A
ave
P F
A 2A
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Bearing Stress in Connections
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of
contact or bearing surfaces of
the members they connect.
Fig. 1.20 Equal and opposite forces between
plate and bolt, exerted over bearing surfaces.
The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.
Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,
b
P P
A td
Fig. 1.21 Dimensions for calculating bearing stress area.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Stress Analysis & Design Example
Would like to determine the
stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.
From a statics analysis:
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection
Fig. 1.22 Components of boom used to support 30 kN load.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
At the rod center, the average normal stress in the
circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is
BC = +159 MPa.
At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional
area occurs at the pin centerline,
A 20 mm 40 mm 25 mm 300 10 6 m 2
P
50 103 N
BC ,end
167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2
Fig. 1.22 (partial)
The boom is in compression with an axial force of
40 kN and average normal stress of 26.7 MPa.
The sections of minimum area at A and B are not under
stress, since the boom is in compression, and therefore
pushes on the pins.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pin Shearing Stresses
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
25 mm
A r
Fig. 1.23 Diagrams of the single shear pin at C.
491 10 6 m 2
The force on the pin at C is equal to the
force exerted by the rod BC,
P
50 103 N
C , ave
102 MPa
6
2
A 49110 m
The pin at A is in double shear with a
total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
A, ave
Fig. 1.24 Free-body diagrams of the double shear pin at A.
P
20 kN
40.7 MPa
6
2
A 49110 m
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pin Shearing Stresses
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,
PE 15 kN
PG 25 kN (largest)
Evaluate the corresponding average
shearing stress,
B, ave
PG
25 kN
50.9 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2
Fig. 1.25 Free-body diagrams for various sections at pin B.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pin Bearing Stresses
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,
we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
b
P
40 kN
53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm
To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,
we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
b
P
40 kN
32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm
Fig. 1.22 (partial)
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress in Two Force Members
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Axial forces on a two force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
Fig. 1.26 Axial forces on a two-force member. (a) Section
plane perpendicular to member away from load application.
(b) Equivalent force diagram models of resultant force acting
at centroid and uniform normal stress.
Transverse forces on bolts and
pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.
Axial or transverse forces may
produce both normal and shear stresses
with respect to a plane other than one
cut perpendicular to the member axis.
Fig. 1.27 (a) Diagram of a bolt from a single shear joint with
a section plane normal to the bolt. (b) Equivalent force
diagram model of the resultant force acting at the section
centroid and the uniform average shear stress.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress on an Oblique Plane
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Pass a section through the member forming
an angle with the normal plane.
From equilibrium conditions, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.
Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
F P cos
V P sin
The average normal and shear stresses on
the oblique plane are
(a)
Fig. 1.28 Oblique section through a two-force member.
Section plane made at an angle to the member normal plane, (b)
Free-body diagram of left section with internal resultant force P. (c)
Free-body diagram of resultant force resolved into components F and
V along the section planes normal and tangential directions,
respectively. (d) Free-body diagram with equivalent as normal stress,
, and shearing stress, .
F
P cos
P
cos 2
A A0
A0
cos
V
P sin
P
sin cos
A A0
A0
cos
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Maximum Stresses
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P
P
cos 2 sin cos
A0
A0
The maximum normal stress occurs when the
reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
m
P
A0
The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at
+ 45o with respect to the axis,
m
P
P
sin 45 cos 45
A0
2 A0
Fig. 1.29 Selected stress results for axial loading.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Stress Under General Loadings
A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane passing
through Q
Fig. 1.30 Multiple loads on a general body.
The distribution of internal stress
components may be defined as,
F x
x lim
A0 A
xy lim
A 0
Fig. 1.31 (a) Resultant shear and normal forces, Vx and
Fx, acting on small area A at point Q. (b) Forces on A
resolved into force in coordinate directions.
V yx
A
Vzx
xz lim
A0 A
For equilibrium, an equal and
opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
State of Stress
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
Fig. 1.35 Positive resultant forces on a small element at
point Q resulting from a state of general stress.
The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
Fx Fy Fz 0
Mx M y Mz 0
Consider the moments about the z axis:
M z 0 xy A a yx A a
xy yx
similarly, yz zy
Fig. 1.36 Free-body diagram of small element at Q
viewed on projected plane perpendicular to z-axis.
Resultant forces on positive and negative z faces (not
shown) act through the z-axis, thus do not contribute
to the moment about that axis.
and yz zy
Only six components of stress are required to
define the complete state of stress
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Factor of Safety
Structural members or machines
must be designed such that the
working stresses are less than the
ultimate strength of the material.
FS Factor of safety
FS
u
ultimate stress
all allowable stress
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi
Factor of safety considerations:
uncertainty in material properties
uncertainty of loadings
uncertainty of analyses
number of loading cycles
types of failure
maintenance requirements and
deterioration effects
importance of member to integrity of
whole structure
risk to life and property
influence on machine function
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