CURIE TEMPERATURE
AND HALL EFFECT
BY :
ABHINANDAN YADAV
suvashis maithy
shivam arora
Curie temperature(by Shivam Arora
)
Dielectric:Substance when put in electric field, becomes
polarized.
Polarization:Dipole moment per unit volume.
P= 0E
We can define dielectric
constant as
=C/C0
C Capacitance of
capacitor with dielectric
C0Capacitance of
capacitor with air
Ferroelectricity (discovered
in 1920):Characteristics of having spontaneous polarization
Ability to reverse the direction of polarization with
external electric field
Curie temperature:Above this temperature substance is paramagnetic
Below this temperature substance is ferroelectric
Perovskite:One of the largest oxide families, among which
most important group is ferroelectric oxide
Posses extremely high value of dielectric
constant
Ferro electricity in perovskite discovered in
1940
Crystal structure ABO3 (O= oxygen)
A located at the corner
B located at the center
O located on the face
Resulting perovskite
structure can also be
described by BO6
(octahedral)
Perovskite with multifunction
structure
Reason for changing cubic to
tetragonal structure
Due to temperature change distortion in BO6
Due to this distortion BaTiO3
It will go cubic to tetragonal structure
( decreasing temperature )
Size effect
It will told us degree of distortion
For simple cubic case , geometrically relation
a= 1.44(rA+ rB)= 2(rB + rO)
t= (rA+rO)/1.44(rB +rO)
t is called gold schmithed tolerance factor
If rA is smaller than ideal value than t become
smaller than 1 as result BO6 octahedral will tilt
in order to fill space
Structure base on (t)
Cubic -> .89<t<1
Ex SrTiO3
T=1.00
rA=1.44A0
, rB= .60A0
Low value of t reduce the symmetry
t=.81
orthorhombic
Barium Titanate(BaTiO3)
Used in electronic application due to its excellent
Ferroelectric properties with high dielectric
constant.
It was the first oxide ferroelectric of the form ABO 3.
Above Curie Temperature --> Cubic Structure
Size of Barium ion --> 158pm
Size of Titanate ion --> 60m
Properties of Barium
Titanate
chemical formula
BaTiO3
Molar mass
233.192g
Appearance
White crystal
density
6.02g/cm3
Melting point
1625C
Band gap
3.2eV
Refractive index
2.412
Effect of temperature
At the Curie temperature crystal undergoes phase
transition which is called displacement phase
transition.
Above the Curie temperature Cubic structure is
stable with a= 4.009.
When cooling down below 130C -0C then the
structure is tetragonal with a=3.992 and
c=4.035.
Cooling below 0C tetragonal structure change to
orthorhombic structure and below -90C unit cell
changes to rhombohedral
Concept of spontaneous
polarization
Below the Curie Point one of the axis (c-axis )
stretched about 1% and other axis shrink to
become tetragonal .
In this case titanium ion will occupy the position
near the oxygen ion being displaced by 0.12
from the body centre due to this spontaneous
polarization occur.
In the Para-electric cubic face the centre of
the positive charge coincide with the negative
charge .
Cooling below curie temperature tetragonal
face develop where the centre of the positive
ion displaced relative to negative ion which
leads to the formation of electric dipole. Due
to this spontaneous polarization occurs.
Applications of BaTiO
In the pure from it is electrical insulator but
when dropped with small amount of metal
most notably scandium yttrium etc. become
semiconducting.
As a semiconductor it possesses positive
temperature coefficient of resistance and this
property is used in thermal switch.
Thermal switch is a device which can save our
circuit from heating
Second application of
BaTiO3:BaTiO3 has piezoelectric properties so we can
use it transducer
TRANSDUCER:- device which converts one form
of energy to other form.
Using BaTiO3 we can measure pressure.
HALL EFFECT
THEORY AND APPLICATIONS
By Abhinandan Yadav
OBJECTIVE
To find the Hall coefficient, carrier density and
carrier mobility of the given specimen and
also find the whether the specimen are p-type
or n-type.
LORENTZ FORCE
When a charge particle moving in magnetic
field, charge particle experiences a force due to
magnetic field this forces is called Lorentz force.
This force is perpendicular to the plane of
interactions.
HALL EFFECT
The Hall effect comes from the magnetic
forces on the carriers.
Discovered in 1879 by Edwin Herbart Hall.
The Hall effect is the productions of voltage
difference across current carrying bar in the
presence of magnetic field, perpendicular to
current and magnetic field.
HALL EFFECT
MOBILITY
Mobility is a characteristic property of charge
carriers.
CONDUCTIVITY
Conductivity is the characteristic of the
specimen
conductivity of specimen is given by
nqv
N is number of carrier
q is charge on the carrier
v is velocity of charge carrier
FORMULAS
Hall coefficient
Carrier density
Mobility
R is the Hall coefficient, Vh is the Hall
voltage, H is magnetic field intensity, q is
charge on the carrier, n is carrier density, is
mobility of carrier, is conductivity of carrier.
APPLICATIONS
Magnetometers to measure magnetic field
Hall effect sensor or current sensor
Magnetic positions sensing in brushless DC
electric motor
Automotive fuel level indicator
Spacecraft propulsion
And many more
Hall Effect Sensor
Hall effect sensor is transducer that varies its
output voltage in response to a magnetic
field.
A wheel containing two
magnets passing by a Hall
effect sensor
HALL EFFECT SENSOR
CIRCUIT FOR SENSOR
Automotive Fuel Level
Indicator
The main principle of operations of such
indicator is position sensing of floating
element.
A button magnet is mounted on the surface
of a floating object the current carrying
conductor is fixed on the top of the tank
linking up with this magnet.
As the level of the fuel rises, an increases
magnetic field is applied on the current
carrying conductor resulting higher
voltage
Spacecraft Propulsion
HALL EFFECT THRUSTER
Hall effect thruster is a type of
thruster in which the propellant
is accelerated by an electric field
SPACECRAFT
PROPULSION
Hall thruster. Hall thrusters are largely axially symmetric. This is a
cross-section containing that axis.
RESULT
(CALCULATION,
GRAPH, ERROR
ANALYSIS)
By Suvashis Maity
Curie temperature
Temperature v/s dielectric constant graph
Curie temperature is about 1360c
Above this temperature dielectric is
paramagnetic, does not show
spontaneous polarization
Below this temperature dielectric is
ferroelectric
This temperature is also called
transition temperature.
If we farther decrease the temperature we get this
curve:-
1.Above curie temperature ( Cubic structure)
2. 50c to curie temperature ( Tetragonal structure)
3. -800c to 50c (Orthorhombic structure)
4. <-800c ( Rhombohedral structure)
Behaviour of dielectric constant() with temperature
Above curie temperature
Above curie temperature crystal is paraelectric.
With increase of temperature vibration of each
dipole increase randomness increase
alignment decrease decrease
Below curie temperature
Below curie temperature crystal is ferroelectric.
BaTiO3 is polycrystalline structure form
grains optical and mechanical activity of
each crystal are same in a grain
Spontaneous polarization each domain
aligned
Effective +ve and ve charges appear at each
boundary of grain called space charge
oppose spontaneous polarization
With decrease of temperature space charge
increase dielectric constant decrease
Hall effect
Calibration
curve
Current vs Hall
voltage
Magnetic field vs
Hall voltage
Calculations:-
By variable mag. field method we get R=0.21*10-3 volt m amp-1
-1
Source of errors:1. Effect of earths magnetic field:
a. Horizontal component of earth magnetic field
can effects
the resultant magnetic
field produces by the coil
b. Effect is very less(around 0.6 gauss)
2. Temperature effect:
Increase in temperature scattering increases mobility
decreases
Error analysis:-
Why hall effect?
There are also some methods to
find carrier density and carrier
mobility.
(Wien effect, field effect mobility)
Apply current in +x direction,
Magnetic field in +y direction,
Force will be at +z direction and
mejority carrier gets attracted by
the force .
Corresponding to electron and
hole we get +ve and ve voltage.
Using Hall effect we can find the
types of semiconductor.
REFERENCES:Introduction to Solid State
PhysicsbyCharles Kittel
Solid State Physics byS. O. Pillai
Spontaneous polarizatand ferroelectricity of
BaTiO3 type ceramics by muRata
Electrons and holes in semiconductor by
william shockley
Electronic circuits and theory by Millman and
Halkias
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