TOPIC 1

The Internet and

the World Wide
Web

Objectives

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Obtain an overview of the information and

tools that are available on the Internet
Learn what computer networks and internets
are and how they work
Find out how the Internet began and grew
Understand the addressing scheme used on
the Internet
Learn how the World Wide Web began
Understand how people can connect to the
Internet

Internet and World Wide

Web:
Internet is a large collection of computers
all over the world
connected to one
Amazing
Developments

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another

One of the most amazing technological

developments of the 20th century
World Wide Web is a subset of computers
on the Internet that helped make Internet
resources available to people who are
not computer experts

Exploring Uses for the

Internet
Communication

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E-mail
Electronic discussions
Instant messaging

Information Resources and Software

Newspapers and magazines
Government documents
Research reports and books
Software download sites

Exploring Uses for the

Internet
Online Business (e-Business / e-

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Commerce)

Electronic storefronts
Coordinate worldwide operations
Recruit employees

Entertainment
Review restaurants, movies, theater, musical
events and books
Interactive games

Education
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Computer Networks

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Network Interface Card (NIC): a

card used to connect a computer to a
network of other computers
NICs connect to cables which connect
to servers
Server: computer that accepts
requests and shares some or all of its
resources with computers it is
connected to
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Client/Server Local Area

Networks
The server runs software that coordinates

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information flow among other computers

Client: computers connected to a server
Network Operating System: software
that runs on a server
Client/Server Network:
one server computer sharing its resources
with multiple client computers
commonly used to connect LANs

A Client/Server LAN

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Client/Server Local Area

Networks
Node or network node: each

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computer, printer, or other device

connected to a network
Most PCs can handle server duties if
they are equipped with enough
memory and large enough disk drives

Connecting Computers
to a Network

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Twisted-pair cable: it has two or more

insulated copper wire that are twisted around
each other and are enclosed in another layer
of plastic insulation
oldest type of cable, used by telephone
companies
Electrical interference: a small flow of unwanted
electricity in nearby objects, including other wires,
created when a wire carries an electric current and
generates an electromagnetic field around itself
Category 1 cable: the type of twisted-pair cable
that telephone companies have used for years to
transmit voice signals
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Connecting Computers
to a Network

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Coaxial cable: 20 times faster than Category

1 cable, more expensive
Category 5 cable: carries signals between 10 and
100 times faster than coaxial cable, easy to install
Category 5e cable: constructed of higher quality
materials than Category 5 cable and carries more
signals up to 10 times faster than regular Category
5 cable

Fiber-optic cable: most expensive type of

cable; transmits pulsing beams of light
through very thin strands of glass, fastest
transmission rate
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Types of Cable

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TWISTED-PAIR

COAXIAL

FIBER-OPTIC

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Connecting Computers
to
a
Network
Wireless networks:

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Becoming more common as costs continue

to drop
Welcome in organizations that occupy old
buildings
Popular with companies whose employees
use laptop computers
Used by schools in classrooms, libraries,
and study lounges
Used in homes
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A Wireless Home Network

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Origins of the Internet

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Origins of the Internet

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Early 1960s by the U.S. Department of

Defense (DOD)
Major research project authorized as a
part of national security
Explored ways to connect large
mainframe computers and weapons
installations distributed all over the world
Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA) charged with the task
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Origins of the Internet

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DARPA researchers connected first

computer switches in 1969
ARPANET grew over next three years to
include over 20 computers
Computers communicated to other
computers on the network by using
Network Control Protocol (NCP)
Protocol: collection of rules for
formatting, ordering, and error-checking
data sent across a network
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Connectivity: Circuit
Switching
Circuit switching:
vs.
Packet
Switching

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Centrally controlled

Single-connection method
Used by most local telephone traffic
today

Vulnerable to destruction of signal

control point or any link in the single
path that carries the signal
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Connectivity: Circuit
Switching
Packet-switching: files and
vs.
Packetbroken
Switching
messages
down into packets

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and labeled electronically with codes

for their origin and destination

Packets travel from computer to

computer along the network until they
reach their destination
Routers determine the best way for a
packet to move towards its destination
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Connectivity: Circuit
Switching
Routers use routing algorithms
programs
to determine
best path for
vs.
Packet
Switching

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packets

Packet-switched networks more reliable:

Rely on multiple routers instead of central
point of control
Each router can send individual packets
along different paths if parts of the
network are not operating

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Open Architecture
Philosophy
New set of protocols developed in 1970 by

Vincent Cerf and Robert Kahn:

Transmission Control Protocol
Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)

TCP: rules used by computers on a

network to establish and break connections
IP: rules for routing of individual data
packets
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Birth of E-Mail:
A
New
Use for Networks
Ray
Tomlinson, an ARPANET researcher, wrote

a program that could send and receive

messages over the network in 1972
E-mail was born and rapidly became widely
used in the computer research community
ARPANET continued to develop faster and
more effective network technologies
Began sending packets by satellite in 1976

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More New Uses for
Networks
Emerge
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): transfer

files between computers

Telnet: users log in to their computer
accounts from remote sites
Mailing list: an e-mail address that
takes any message it receives and
forwards it to any user who has
subscribed to the list
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Internconnecting the
Networks
Network backbone: includes the

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long-distance lines and supporting

technology that transports large
amounts of data between major
network nodes

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Commercial Interest
Increases
Intranet: LANs or WANs that use the

TCP/IP protocol but do not connect to

sites outside the firm
Extranet: An intranet that allows
selected outside parties to connect

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New Structure for the
Internet
Network access points (NAPs): four

telecommunications companies around

which the NSFnet was organized
The four companies and their
successors sell access to the Internet
through their NAPs to organizations and
businesses
The NSFnet still exists for government
and research use
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World Wide Web

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World Wide Web: a way of thinking about

information storage and retrieval rather
than the technology
Web browser: software that runs on some
of the computers connected to each other
through the Internet
Two important innovations played key roles:
Hypertext
Graphical user interfaces (GUIs)
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Hypertext and Graphical
User
Hypertext is a page-linking system in which
text on one page
links to
on other pages
Interfaces
Come
totext
the
Internet
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): a

language that includes a set of codes (or

tags) attached to text
Hypertext Link (hyperlink): points to
another location in the same or another
HTML document

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Hypertext and Graphical User

Interfaces Come to the Internet

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Mosaic: first GUI program to read

HTML an use HTML documents
hyperlinks to navigate from page to
page on computers anywhere on the
Internet

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Hypertext and Graphical

User
Interfaces Come to the
Internet

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The Web and

Commercialization
Businesses quickly recognized profitofmaking
the Internet
potential offered by a world-

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wide network of easy-to-use computers

The Netscape Navigator Web browser,
called Mozilla, was an instant success
Internet Explorer Web browser entered
the market soon after Netscapes
success became apparent
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Business of Providing
Internet
NAPs provideAccess
Internet access to large

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organizations and businesses

Internet access providers (IAPs) or
Internet service providers (ISPs): get
Internet access from NAPs and provide
individuals and other businesses with access
to the Internet
Commerce service providers (CSPs): large
ISPs that sell Internet access along with other
services to businesses

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Hierarchy of Internet Service

Providers

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Connection Bandwidth

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Bandwidth: amount of data that can travel

through a communications circuit in one
second
Bandwidth depends on the type of
connection ISP has to the Internet and the
kind of connection you have to the ISP
Available bandwidth for any type network
connection between two points is limited to
narrowest bandwidth that exists in any part
of the network
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Connection Bandwidth

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Bandwidth measured in bits per second (bps)

The available bandwidth for any type of network
connection between two points is limited to the
narrowest bandwidth that exists in any part of the
network
Discussions of bandwidth often use the terms:
Kilobits per second (Kbps), which is 1,024 bps;
Megabits per second (Mbps), which is 1,048,576 bps
Gigabits per second (Gbps), which is 1,073,741,824 bps

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Connection Bandwidth

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POTS (or plain old telephone service) is

one way to connect computers or networks
over longer distances
Modem: short for modulator-demodulator
Modulation: converting a digital signal to an
analog signal
Demodulation: converting that analog signal
back into digital form

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL): higher

grade of service offered by some telephone
companies
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Connection Bandwidth

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Integrated Services Digital Network

(ISDN): first technology developed using a DSL
protocol; offers bandwidths up to 256 Kbps
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
(ADSL): offers transmission speeds ranging
from 16 Kbps to 9 Mbps
T1 or T3 connections: often used by
businesses and large organizations; much more
expensive than POTS or ISDN connections
NAPs use newer connections that have
bandwidths of more than 1 Gbpsin some
cases exceeding 10 Gbps

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Connection Bandwidth

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Internet 2: operated by group of research

universities and the NSF; has backbone
bandwidths greater than 10 Gbps
Cable connection can deliver up to 10 Mbps
to an individual user and can accept up to
768 Kbps from an individual user
Satellite connection appeals to users in
remote areas; can download at a bandwidth
of approximately 400 Kbps
Broadband: general term that describes any
Internet connection that is faster than POTS
Fixed-point wireless connections: use
technology similar to wireless LANs; available
in limited areas and prices are variable
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Summary

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The Internet is a truly amazing

phenomenon
Began as a scientific research project
Grew to its current role as a global
communications network linking more than
a billion persons, businesses, organizations,
and governments

The Internet has made information

available on a scale never before imagined

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Summary

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The Internet is composed of

interconnected client/server networks
The Internet grew rapidly, especially
after the Web became available as a
new way of using the Internet
There are several choices for
bandwidth and pricing choices when
connecting to the Internet

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