BCSP Mathematics

Workshop
Peter J Hill, PE, CSP
Commandant Marine Corps (Safety Division)

14-15 March 2007

NAVOSH PDC

Intros & Housekeeping

Exits
Heads
Texts
Calculators
Scratch Paper

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2007

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Course Objectives & Intent

Obtain a working understanding of major

mathematical concepts related to CSP/ASP
Refresh or Improve individual Mathematical
abilities to meet concepts covered

Focus on Working Problem Types encountered on

Exam
Establish Process for you to Self-Teach new or
deficient areas

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2007

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Syllabus

Morning Session Day 1

CSP Pre-Test
Calculator Selection & Use
Fractions
Exponents, Roots & Logs
Systems of Measurement
Scientific and Engineering
Notation

Morning Session Day 2

Application Areas

Engineering and Physics

Industrial Hygiene
Statistics
Sample Questions & Situations

Afternoon Session Day 1

Algebraic Properties &

Simple Equations
Applied Algebra
Geometry
Trigonometry
Boolean Algebra

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2007

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References
Background Math for the BCSP Safety
Certification Examinations
Glenn Young, CSP, (1st Ed. ASSE 2003)

Examination Guide
2006 Board of Certified Safety Professionals
(Free Download at www.bcsp.org)

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2007

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ASP/CSP Self Assessment

Mini-Test (30 Minutes)

Excerpted quantitative questions from ASP/CSP

Examination Guide
Grade it yourself

Make a note of topical areas where you feel you

need to study
After this classDownload the entire Examination
Guide and work through it all
Consider other recommendations at www.bcsp.org

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2007

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ASP/CSP Self Assessment

Safety Fundamentals:

3.
5.
7.
8.

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2007

1
3
4
1

Comprehensive Practice

5.
6.
11.
12.

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4
4
4
4

Before you all walk out

Recognize that the ASP/CSP exams test your

application of numerous concepts and processes as
well as your mathematical skill sets (Physics,
Chemistry, Mechanics, Regulatory Knowledge)
Many problems are elementary enough for a solution
process to be derived you dont have to know it all
THIS COURSE only addresses the math not your
understanding of concepts

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Chapter 1
Calculator Selection and Use

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Text Reference Page 1

Calculators

BCSP Rules (www.bcsp.org)

Calculator Functions

Your Calculator MUST be on approved list or you will

not be permitted to bring it into the exam
Required: , yx, xy, ex ,10x, SIN, COS, TAN, x!,
Recommended: C to F, 1/x, x, y

Backup (2nd) calculator also recommended

The Test is taken on a computer You will have
access to the Windows Calculator tool

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Text Reference Page 3

Calculator Hierarchy
Normal Hierarchy (PEMDAS)

(Parentheses)

Exponents

Multiply & Divide

Add & Subtract

Know how your calculator works & know

how to use parentheses
4 + 2 3 (4 + 2) 3

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Chapter 2
Fractions, Etc.

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Text Reference Page 5

Fractions

Can be represented as decimals or percents

Divide Numerator by Denominator = Decimal

12
12 69 0.17391
69

Multiply Decimal by 100 = Percent

0.17139 100 17.139%

Add, Subtract, Multiply, or Divide decimals normally

An answer may have to be expressed as a fraction if question requires it

or if it contains variables (x or y)
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Text Reference Page 8

Multiplying Fractions

Multiply Numerators

Multiply Denominators

2 3 23

3 4 3 4

Reduce to Lowest Terms

6 1

12 2

Express Whole Numbers as

Fraction with Denominator =1

1 4 1
4
3 1 3

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Text Reference Page 11

Dividing Fractions

Multiply by Reciprocal

Change Fractions of Fractions to Fraction Fraction

Invert the Fraction youre dividing by
Multiply the terms of the new expression & Simplify

1

2 1 3 1 4 1 4 4 2
2 4 2 3 23 6 3
3

4
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Invert & Multiply

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Text Reference Page 12

Dividing Fractions

When whole numbers divided by fractions,

convert whole number to fraction by putting 1
in denominator (same as multiplying)

When multiple fractions are divided, begin

with bottom-most expression and work up

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Text Reference Page 16

Adding & Subtracting Fractions

Watch Signs!

A minus (-) sign may be placed before the fraction, its

numerator, or denominator

1 1 1
1

3 3 3 3

Denominators must be equal in order to Add or Subtract

Find a Common Denominator

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Text Reference Page 17

Finding A Common Denominator

Multiply each term of the equation

by a fraction equivalent to 1 (any
number or variable over itself)
Add the Numerators ONLY
This is also necessary if expressions
contain variables
It is not necessary to determine a
Least Common Denominator for
BSCP testing

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2007

These Fractions
3 5 equal
multiple of 1

8 7
3 7 5 8

8 7 7 8
21 40

56 56
61

56

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Text Reference Page 18

Common Denominator with a Variable

Multiply each term of the

equation by a fraction
equivalent to 1 (any number or
variable over itself) so that the
denominators are the same

Add the Numerators ONLY

Reduce/Simplify (if possible)

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These Fractions
3 5 equal
multiple of 1

8 x
3 x 5 8

8 x x 8
3 x 40

8x 8x
3 x 40

8x

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Text Reference Page 21

Understanding Reciprocals

Definition:

Any two numbers whose

product is one
The reciprocal of a fraction is
also called its inverse
The reciprocal of any whole
number or expression is one
divided by the number or
expression

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3 8 24

1
8 3 24
3 x 7 y 21xy

1
7 y 3 x 21xy

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Text Reference Page 22

Reciprocals & Proportions

Calculator Tip: Use

Reciprocal Key

A Proportion exists
when Cross Products
are Equal

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1
x

or

1/x

3 90

4 120
3 120 360,4 90 120

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Text Reference Page 24

Significant Digits & Decimal Places

The most significant digit is the left most non-zero digit in a

number written in decimal form

The number of significant digits is the number of digits

counting from the right of the most significant digit

128.00 The 1 is the left-most non-zero number

128.00 Five Significant Digits

128 Three Significant Digits
.00208 Three Significant Digits

The number of decimal places in an answer is the same as the

number with the smallest number of digits to the right of the
decimal point
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Text Reference Page 25

Rounding Rules

Value of a digit is determined by next digit to

the right:
0 to 4 Value of the digit rounded stays the same
6 to 9 Value of the digit rounded is increased
Exactly 5 Value of the digit to be rounded stays
the same if even, increased if odd
The exam may offer several choices where the
only difference is the rounding/significant digits

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Text Reference Page 27

Absolute Value

Represents the
magnitude of the
number or expression,
independent of its sign
Like Parentheses, the
placement of the | |
makes a difference
Work between | | First
Pay attention to signs
outside the | |

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74 3 3
7 10 3 3
10 5 10 5
10 5 15 5
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Chapter 3
Exponents, Roots, and Logs

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Text Reference Page 31

Exponents

A number (Base) times itself;

the number of times is the
exponent

3 is the Base, 4 the Exponent (or

power)

Any nonzero number raised to

the zero power is equal to one
A Base with a negative
exponent equals the inverse of
the base raised to the same
power
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3 3 3 3 3 81
4

x 1, x 0
0

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1
3
x

Text Reference Page 33

Exponent Operations

Multiply (Same Base)

Add the Exponents
Divide (Same Base)
Subtract the Exponents
Products Raise each
expression to same
power

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2 2

3 3 3
2

2 2

3 3 3
2

3 1
0

2 4
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2 4
2

Text Reference Page 36

Roots

A Root is the opposite of an exponent

Radical
Radicand 125
Order 3 (if blank, assume 2)

Order

Even - Root maybe positive or negative

Odd - Root has sign of Radicand
Can be expressed as an exponent by inverting
the Order and making the resultant fraction
the exponent

125

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9 9

1
2

Text Reference Page 39

Logarithms

Common Logarithms Base 10

It is the power (exponent) you raise a number
to that gets the result

10-4 = .0001 therefore log 0.0001 = -4

Natural Logarithms Base e (e =

2.718281828)
Negative logarithms result in values less than 1

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Text Reference Page 40

Antilogarithms

Antilog is the opposite - Result when you

raise 10 (or e) to the power
On Calculator

Common Logs: Log x and 10x

Natural Logs: Ln x and ex

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Chapter 4
Systems of Measurement

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Text Reference Page 45

Systems of Measurement

English Units

Pounds, Cubic Feet, Gallons, Hours, Mile,

Degrees Fahrenheit

Metric Units

Grams, Cubic Meters, Liter, Hours, Meters,

Degrees Celsius
Dependent of prefixes (milli, centi, deci, deca,
hecto, kilo, etc)

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Text Reference Page 53

Absolute Scales

For Scientific Problems, absolute temperature

scales prevent use of negative temperature values

Metric Kelvin

t K t C 273

English Rankin

t R t F 460

Absolute Pressure

Gauge Pressure plus Atmospheric Pressure

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Text Reference Page 56

Conversion

The exam may require you to convert from metric to

English or vice versa
A problem may be presented using a mix of both
systems (meters with pounds). You MUST convert
to one system
Be mindful of the units presented and what is asked
for in the answer
Have Reference Pages from the Examination Guide

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Text Reference Page 58

Dimensional Analysis

Allows you to derive appropriate conversion

factor

Write the term to convert with number and units

Write a fraction equal to one that has the start unit
in the opposite position from the original term
and the desired unit in the other position
Multiply terms and cancel the units (desired one
should be left)
Round to required accuracy

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Text Reference Page 58

Dimensional Analysis Example

Convert 20 miles to feet

20miles 5,280 feet

105,600 feet
1
1mile

Use the Tabular model in the text for more complex

examples

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Chapter 5
Scientific and Engineering Notation

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Text Reference Page 67

Scientific & Engineering Notation

A shorthand method used to express very large or

small numbers

Scientific Notation: 1 number to left of decimal

point (base) times 10 raised to a determined power

Helps minimize errors (from miscounting zeroes)

1,004,000 = 1.004 x 106

Engineering Notation: A form of Scientific

Notation that limits the exponent of 10 to multiples
of 3, times a base with 1 to 3 places to left of the
decimal point

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Text Reference Page 69

Processes in Scientific Notation

Multiplication:

Multiply the bases

Add the exponents
(powers of 10)
Combine and readjust
Is the answer to the
right number of
decimal places?

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2.04 10 4 3.007 10 2
2.004 3.007 6.13428

10

10 2 10 4 2 10 2

6.13428 10 2

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Text Reference Page 69

Processes in Scientific Notation

Division

Divide the bases

Subtract the exponents
Combine and readjust

4.78 106 2.47 103

4.78 2.47 1.9352226

10

103 10 63 103

1.9352226 103

Same Processes work

in Engineering
Notation

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Other Rules

To add or subtract expressions in Scientific

Notation, adjust power of 10 to the same
value in each term (not likely to need this)

(3 x 105) + (5 x 105) = 8 x 105

When raising an expression containing

exponents by another exponent, multiply the
exponents

(103)5 = 10(3x5) = 1015

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Bonus Material After Lunch

7 x 13 = 28

Video: Abbott & Costello In the Navy

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Was Costello Really Wrong?

If we think beyond our usual Base 10 system,

this is possible

In Base 1, 7 means 7 x 10, or 7 x 1 = 7

and 13 means 1 x 11 + 3 x 10, or 1 + 3 = 4
Therefore in Base 1, 7 x 4 = 28

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Chapter 6
Algebraic Properties and Simple Equations

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Text Reference Page 75

Algebraic Properties

Variable unknown value expressed as a letter

(x, y, z, a, b, c)

Commutative Property (Order doesnt matter)

Addition: a + b = b + a
Multiplication: ab = ba

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Text Reference Page 76

Algebraic Properties

Associative Property

Placement of Parenthesis makes no difference in

operations consisting solely of either addition or
multiplication
Does not apply when addition and multiplication are both
involved

Distributive Property

Factoring (Reverses the process)

a b c ab ac

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Text Reference Page 78

Like Terms and Polynomials

Variables that are raised to the same power are like

terms and can be simplified or factored
Multiplying polynomials

Multiply the first term in the first expression by each term

in the second expression
Multiply the second term in the first expression times each
term in the second expression
Add the products
Combine and simplify

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Text Reference Page 78

Multiplying Polynomials

First expression in first term

times each expression in
second term
Second expression in first
term times each expression
in second term
Carry the sign with each
factor when multiplying

(+2) x (-3) = -6

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2007

x 2 y 3
xy 3 x 2 y 6

x 2 x 3
x 2 x 3x 6
2

x x6
2

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Text Reference Page 82

Rules for Equations

Multiplying any term or expression by one

does not change its value
Performing the following on both sides of an
equation will not change the equality

Add or subtract the same number or term

Multiply or divide by the same number or term

CAN NOT divide by zero

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Text Reference Page 84

Solving Single Variable Equations

Isolate the variable on

one side of the equal
sign and the constants
on the other

Subtract same value

from both sides
Solve for answer

Same process if the

variable is on both
sides

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2007

x 5 20
x 5 5 20 5
x 15
4 x 7 3x 5
4 x 7 7 3x 5 7
4 x 3x 12
4 x 3x 3 x 3 x 12
1x 12

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Text Reference Page 86

Solving Multiple Variable Equations

Expressing one
variable in terms of
another
Solving for x

Subtract 3 from both

sides
Divide both sides by 4

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2007

4 x 3 22 y
4 x 22 y 3
22 y 3
x
4
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Text Reference Page 88

Simultaneous Equations/Substitution

x 2 y 17, x y 2
x 17 2 y
17 2 y y 2
17 3 y 2

Express one variable in

terms of the other
3 y 2 17 15

Substitute the new

expression into one of the
15
equations & solve like single
y
5
variable
3

Substitute resultant value

into equation and solve for

2
other variable
x 25 7
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To achieve a numerical
solution we need one
distinct equation for each
variable (to solve for two
variables we need two
equations)

2007

Text Reference Page 89

Simultaneous Equations/Addition

Some equations can be

added together to
eliminate a variable

Modify to have one

variable zero out
Solve for remaining
variable
Plug result in either
equation
Solve for the other
variable

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2007

x 2 y 17
2x 2 y 4
3 x 21
x7
7 2 y 17
2 y 10
y5
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Text Reference Page 92

Using Proportions

Remember Proportion means cross products are

equal. This quality can be used to set up an equation
to find an unknown
If 21 parts cost $252, How much would 37 parts
cost?

Set up Proportion with like quantities

in same position
Parts 21 37

Cross multiply to write an equation

Dollars 252 x
where x = Cost of 37 parts
21x 252 37 9324
Solve for x
9324
x
$444
21

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Text Reference Page 93

Inverse Proportions

Works like proportions,

set up as multiplication

50 lb child 4 feet from the

fulcrum
40 lb child x feet from the
fulcrum
F1D1 = F2D2

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50lbs 4 ft 40lbs D2
200 ft lbs 40 D2 ft lbs
200
D2 5 ft
40

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Text Reference Page 94

Reality Checks

Apply un-Common Sense to answer

If some number of parts will cost a specific amount,

MORE parts should cost MORE money
A heavier child on a seesaw would have to be closer to the
fulcrum to balance with a lighter child

Draw a picture
Use your head to eliminate obvious wrong answers
before doing any calculations this can save time on
the exam
If the UNITS in the problem dont work out, there is
probably something wrong with the numbers also

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Chapter 7
Applied Algebra

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Text Reference Page 103

Sets & Subsets

A Set is a collection of things, represented by

enclosure in braces {2, 4, 6, 8}
Each Item in a Set is an Element
Sets are Named with Capital Letters
A Subset exists when all its elements are part of the
parent set
Set Symbols

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,,, ,,
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Text Reference Page 105

Venn Diagrams

Pictorial System to
show sets and
relationships

B A
BC
AC

Set A
6, 8

Set C
5, 7
Set B
2, 4

2 A, B, C

A C 2,4,5,6,7,8

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Text Reference Page 106

Mixtures

Start with 10 gallons

of 50% Solution
Using 25% solution,
how much is needed
to make the overall
concentration 40%?
Let x equal amount of
25% solution

10 gal 50% xgal 25% 10 x 40%

10 0.5 0.25 x 10 0.4 0.4 x
0.25 x 5 0.4 x 4
0.25 0.4 x 4 5
0.15 x 1
1
x
6.6667
0.15

Problems can often be worked multiple ways decide how its being
worked and dont confuse methods. Also know what they are asking for
gallons of the new solution or the new total amount (would be 16.7776 gal)
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Text Reference Page 108

Graphing, Slopes and Intercepts

Understand basic graph concepts

Graphing solutions limited to 2-dimensional (x, y)

An equation of x and y yields a line on a graph
When x and y are at the first power, the line is
straight
With multiple equations, a solution represents an
intersection of two lines

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Text Reference Page 108

Graph Formulas (Know These)

Slope-Intercept
y = mx + b
Slope x Intercept y = m(x - a)
Point-Slope Formula y y1 = m(x x1)

Where:

m = Slope of a line
x and y = known points on a line
x1 and y1 = another known point on a line
a = value of x when y = 0
b = value of y when x = 0

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Text Reference Page 109

Graphing

Graph x = 2y

Using y = mx + b we find
that y = 0.5x + 0

For every increase in y, x

increases 2

The y intercept b equals 0

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Text Reference Page 112

Zero-Product Property

When multiple expressions multiplied together equal

zero, at least one of the expressions MUST be equal
to Zero

3x 4 y 0

Either x or y must equal zero!

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Text Reference Page 112

Quadratic Equations

Only one variable

Highest order variable is squared
Must be written in general form

ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0)

Solved using the

Quadratic Formula:
Formula yields 2 answers
(because a square root may
be either + or -)

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b b 2 4ac
x
2a

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Word Problems

Handou
t

Text Reference Page 114

Read problem carefully

List the relevant information provided
Determine what is being asked for, including units of
measure
Write an equation that expresses the answer you
need in terms of the information provided
Plug the information into the equation and solve

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Text Reference Page 115

Word Problems ~ Example 1

List the relevant information

When working on paper, underline each

quantifiable element (If working from computer,
list these on scratch paper)

Example 1 Relevant Information:

Two groups in cars (2 cars)

1st car leaves on time; travels at 45 mph
2nd car leaves on half hour later; travels at 55 mph

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Text Reference Page 115

Word Problems ~ Example 1

Determine what is being asked for, including

units of measure

Circle or box the question being asked

Note the units the answer has to be given in

Example 1:

The question asks How long will it take for the

second carload to catch up to the first?
The units of the answer will be in time (hours or
minutes)

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Text Reference Page 116

Word Problems ~ Example 1

Writing the equation ~ Look for relationships

Let the time it takes to catch the 2nd car equal t

Using distance = velocity x time, we can state that the
distance the 1st car travels is 45 x (t + 0.5) (since it left a
half hour earlier)
We can also state that the distance the 2nd car travels
during the catch up time is 55t
Since both cars will have traveled the same distance at the
time the catch up, this forms the equality
55t = 45 x (t + 0.5)

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Text Reference Page 116

Word Problems ~ Example 1

Solving the equality:

55t = 45t + 45 x 0.5
55t = 45t + 22.5
55t 45t = 22.5
10t = 22.5
t = 2.25 hours or 2 hours 15 minutes

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Reality Checks

The number is positive (had the answer resulted in

negative time, you would have made an error)
The distance traveled is 123.75 miles (reasonable
for college football games)
The units work out
distance (miles) = velocity (mph) x time (hours)
Minutes would not have worked unless you changed
the velocity into miles per minute

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Chapter 8
Geometry

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Text Reference Page 131

Givens:

Know definitions and how to calculate the

following for basic shapes

Squares/Rectangles Perimeter; Area

Circles Circumference; Radius; Diameter; Area
Triangles Perimeter; Height; Area
Volume for Cube, Rectangular Solid, Sphere,
Cone, and Cylinder

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Typical Geometry Problems

Finding the load related to a depth of liquid

You would need to know the liquid and its

density

Determining the height of a barrier needed to

contain spillage from tanks within the barrier

Need to know volume of tank and regulatory

requirements that apply

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Chapter 9
Trigonometry

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Text Reference Page 145

Triangles

The relationship of the angles and sides of

triangles relate to many safety and
engineering problems
The sum of the angles in a triangle always
sum to 180
A right triangle has one 90 angle (shown by
a small square in the corner)

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Text Reference Page 146

Trigonometry Applications

Trig is used to determine the length of a side

of a right triangle and also to determine forces
acting in relationship to right angles
About Right Triangles

Angles labeled with capital letter, opposite sides

with same lower case letter
The Right Angle is Labeled C
The longest side is that opposite the right angle,
called the hypotenuse, and labeled c

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Text Reference Page 146

Trig Functions

Sine Ratio of the opposite side to the

hypotenuse: SIN A = a/c
Cosine Ratio of the adjacent side to the
hypotenuse: COS A = b/c
Tangent Ratio of the opposite side to the
adjacent side:
B
c (H
TAN A = a/b
y po
te n
use)

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Text Reference Page 150

Trig Laws

Pythagorean Theorem: The Square of the longest side of a

Right Triangle is equal to the Sum of the Squares of the other
two sides

Law of Cosines: To find the length of a side adjacent to Angle

C (Applies to any Triangle)

c2 = a2 + b2

c2 = a2 + b2 2abCOS C

Law of Sines: The lengths of the sides of a triangle are

directly proportional to the sines of the angles opposite them

a
b
c

sin A sin B sin C

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Text Reference Page 152

Application to Force Problems

Stresses in a right angle system

are proportional to the lengths of
the sides involved
Find Stress in the pole and on the
wire

First find the value of side c

4 2 + 6 2 = c2
16 + 36 = 52 = c2
52 = 7.2 = c

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2007

wir
e

4
6 (pole)
500#

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Text Reference Page 153

Force Problem (contd)

Since the Forces are

proportional to the
lengths involved

b
c

a=4

Display as right triangle

with forces
Find the Stress in the
Wire (c)

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2007

c=
7 .2

a = 500

b=6

length _ a length _ c

force _ a ' force _ c'

4 ft
7.2 ft

500#
c' #
4c' 500 7.2
c' 900#
NAVOSH PDC

Text Reference Page 154

Force Problem (contd)

Since the Forces are

proportional to the
lengths involved

b
c

a=4

Find the Stress in the

Pole (b)

c=
7 .2

a = 500

b=6

length _ a length _ b

force _ a ' force _ b'

4 ft
6 ft

500# b' #
4b' 500 6
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2007

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b' 750#

Text Reference Page 156

Sling Problems

When slings are directly vertical, the loads are

additive (Spreader Bar)
When slings are at an angle to the load the
stress in each sling is greater than its
proportional share of the load
If the angles are
different, so are
1,000#
the stresses

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2007

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Text Reference Page 157

Sling Load Calculations

Assume each sling bears a

proportional share of the
vertical load (2 slings,
500# each)
Represent the load on one
sling by using a right
triangle
Knowing the angle to the
load, calculate stress in one
sling (the other will be the
same if lengths and angles
are equal)
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2007

c
30

500#
1,000#

500
sin 30
c
500
500
c

1,000#
sin 30 0.5
NAVOSH PDC

Chapter 10
Boolean Algebra

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Text Reference Page 179

Applications

Boolean Algebra is the algebra of events

Applications include computer science, digital
switching, probabilities and fault tree analysis
Postulates are provided in the Examination
References
Events are represented by capital letters (A)
Event not happening is represented by the
prime (A)

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2007

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Text Reference Page 180

Boolean Postulates

Basic Rules

+ means OR: A + B means either event A or

event B occurs Probabilities are additive
x means AND: A x B means both event A and
event B occur Probabilities are multiplied

Makes Probability of both occurring smaller

Probability of A + A = 1 (One must happen)

Probability of A x A = 0 (Both cannot happen)

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2007

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Text Reference Page 181

Fault Tree Symbols

Basic Component Failure
Event with insufficient
significance or
A)
information to develop a failure
Normally occurring condition or event
Combination of any of above events
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Text Reference Page 182

Fault Tree Symbols

AND

OR

Condition

AND

AND Gate All inputs must be true in

order for output to be true
OR Gate AnyA)input must be true in order
for output to be true
INHIBIT Gate All inputs, plus additional
condition must be true for output to be true
The words will not normally appear in the symbols

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2007

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Text Reference Page 184

The Least Cut Set

The fewest number of

events that will result in
the final event

A
0.5

AND

If D occurs and the

Condition is true, A occurs

Note that D MUST occur

for B or F to occur (AND
Gates)
If D can be eliminated, A
cannot occur

OR

C
OR

AND

AND

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2007

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Application Areas
Engineering & Physics

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Engineering & Physics Concepts

Force & Gravity

Weight & Mass
Moments
Energy
Speed
Hydraulics
Electricity

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2007

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Force & Gravity

Causes a mass to accelerate in proportion to

the size of the force

Force is a vector

F = MA
Has magnitude and direction

Measured in Newtons or Poundsforce

Gravity exerts a Force that causes
acceleration of 9.8 m/sec2 or 32 ft/sec2

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Weight and Mass

Mass Weight
The English System considers Mass = Weight and
factors out the gravitational acceleration

Poundsforce = Poundsmass
If we applied English system on moon, Neil Armstrongs
mass would be the same as it is on earth, but his weight
would be less by a factor of 5.31/32.2 (one sixth)

The Metric System considers Mass in grams, and

applies acceleration to obtain weight in newtons
You need to understand this difference if presented
with a metric problem

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Moments

A Moment is a force applied at some distance

Measurement in ft-lbs or newton-meters
For a system in balance the sum of the moments
around a reference point is equal to zero

F1D1 = F2D2

As one weight increases,

its distance from the fulcrum
has to be reduced to balance
the other weight

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2007

F1

NAVOSH PDC

D1

D2

F2

Speed (Velocity), Distance & Time

Speed is changed by acceleration

v = v0 + at

a can be positive or negative (deceleration)

If distance known, v2 = v02 + 2as

Distance s 2
at
sv t
0
2

Velocity with Friction considered (mph)

vmph 30 s

The friction is decreased or increased by percent decline or incline

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Velocity with Friction

Vehicle makes emergency

stop on dry pavement.
Skid Marks are measured at
132 feet. If the coefficient
of friction is 0.66, what
speed was the vehicle
traveling?

If multiple surfaces are

involved, determine speed
for each surface/skid
distance
The initial speed is given by

14-15 March
2007

vmph 30 s
vmph 30 132 0.66
vmph 51mph

v0
NAVOSH PDC

2
1

v22

Energy

The capacity to do work

Kinetic Energy

Objects in motion
KE = MV2

Potential Energy

Stored
Object suspended above ground or on an incline
PE = MGH

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Hydraulics

Applications include
determining if fire water
systems can provide
required flow

S R2
Q2 Q1
S R1 0.54

Solve for total flow available

Solve for Residual Pressure

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

0.54

Q = Water Flow in gpm

S = Static Pressure psi
R = Residual Pressure
R2 = Residual at Max Flow

Electricity

Applications: Determining if a circuit is overloaded

Voltage = Current (amps) x Resistance (ohms)

V=IR
Power (watts) = Current x Voltage
P=IV

Resistance

Additive in Series
Inverses added in Parallel

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2007

RSeries R1 R2 ... Rn
1
RParallel

NAVOSH PDC

1
1
1

...
R1 R2
Rn

Application Areas
Industrial Hygiene

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NAVOSH PDC

Noise Applications

Determine change in noise level

with distance
Time Limits to noise exposure

Dose ~ Individual exposures over

time x 100

L = SPL
90 = PEL (OSHA)

C = Total Time at a noise level

T = Reference Duration for level

Time Weighted Average

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2007

d0

dB1 dB0 20 log

d1
8
T [( L 90 ) / 5]
2

Ci

D 100
Ti
D
TWA 16.61log
90
100

NAVOSH PDC

Vapor & Gas Concentrations

Convert between parts per million

and milligrams per cubic meter

Exposures to PEL or TLV

MW is molecular weight of atoms

making up the molecule being
measured
c = concentration (ppm)
t = time exposed to that
concentration

c t

TWA
i

Protection Factor of PPE

14-15 March
2007

24.45 mg / m 3
ppm
MW

NAVOSH PDC

PF

cOutside Re spirator
cInside Re spirator

Vapor & Gas Concentrations

Ventilation

Flowrate ~ Cubic feet per minute (cfm)

Velocity ~ feet per minute (fpm)
G = Generation Rate of Vapor Produced (cfm)
C = Concentration Required (ppm)

To keep concentration below LEL

Safety Factors may apply

Watch Units (hours, volumes)

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

G
Q
C

LEL
C
100

Application Areas
Statistics

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Mean & Median

The Mean is the average of all items in a

sample or set = (Sum)/(Number of items)

Affected by a few extreme values

The Median is the point where half the data

are smaller and half the data are larger =
midpoint of the data sample

Not affected by extreme values

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Standard Deviation

A measure of how spread or diverse the data sample

or set is (use n-1 option on calculators)

1 n
S
Xi X

n 1 i 1

S=1

n = Number of samples in data set

Xi = Individual data point

X = Mean of the data set

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2007

S=2

A random spike here will change

the mean but not the median
NAVOSH PDC

Variance & Confidence Limits

Coefficient of Variance: Percentage that

indicates the precision of a set of data points

Used to Compare Different Data sets

CV = 100(S/X)

Confidence Limits: Measure uncertainty in

estimate of true Mean

Is used to determine with 95% certainty that a

violation of OSHA exists, may exist or does not
exist

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Calculate UCL and LCL

Determine Standard Concentration

Calculate UCL & LCL

Y = (Air Sample)/(PEL)
UCL = Y + Sampling & Analytical Error (SAE)
LCL = Y- SAE

Determine 95% Probability of Violation

Violation definitely exists if LCL 1

Violation may exist if LCL < 1 and UCL >1
Violation cannot exist if UCL 1

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Probability

A number indicating the likelihood that a specific

event will occur
Must use Z-Tables provided in Exam Reference
Material

Calculate Z = (X X)/SD
Lookup Z in Table
Add 0.5 if working to a single criteria
Add values if working to a dual criteria
Convert to percentage probability the event will occur

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Application Areas
Sample Questions & Situations

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Ramp Problems ~ Sliding Forces

Objects on an incline exert forces that align with an

identical triangle normal to the ramp surface

Weight of the object is represented by the hypotenuse w

and always acts directly down
Force down the ramp is
a
represented by side a
w
A
Sin A = a/w
The force to stop the object
A
from sliding a = w x sin A
(assume no friction)

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Ramp Problems ~ Friction Force

Friction is a resisting force based on the force the

object exerts on the surface and the qualities of the
surface, expressed as the coefficient of friction

Force normal to the ramp surface

is represented by side b
Cos A = b/w
The force exerted by
friction b x = w x cos A x

a
w

A
b
A

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Ramp Problems ~ Static

Problem: what force must be exerted against an

object to keep it from sliding
Since Friction helps prevent the object from sliding,
it is subtracted from the force acting down the ramp

If the friction force alone exceeds the down-ramp force no

additional force is necessary to hold the object
If the friction force is less than the down-ramp force, the
object will slide unless a resisting force equal to a minus
friction is applied

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Ramp Problems ~ Pushing Uphill

Problems ask what force must be exerted

against an object move it up the ramp
Since Friction helps prevent the object from
sliding (in either direction), it must now be
added to the force down the ramp

The force to move the object up the ramp must be

greater than the Friction Force plus the downramp force

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Crane Problems

Crane Balance and Tipping

Tower Crane/Counterweight
paradigm

If CW is 1500# and D1 is
50 ft, is it safe to lift 1000# at
D2 = 100 ft?

Questions assume counterweight

Moment must equal or exceed load
Moment. Since 75,000 is less than
100,000, the textbook answer is
no
This paradigm is incorrect!

14-15 March
2007

D1

D2

F1

F2

F1 D1 F2 D2
1,500 50 100 1,000 ?
75,000100,000

NAVOSH PDC

Crane Problems

A tower crane with no load applied has structural strength that

resists the Moment from the cw (in this case 75,000 ft-#),
sometimes called reverse moment
If the load applied results in a moment equal to the cw
moment, the crane is in equilibrium (reverse moment goes to
zero)
This means that the moment from a load can safely be up to
twice the cw moment

2(FcwDcw) = FloadDload

It has been observed that some preparatory materials ignore

this reverse moment. Be aware of this difference when
working this type of question.
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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Pulleys

The use of pulleys creates a

mechanical advantage equal to the
number of lines in the pulley
system

L
F
4

If the free line (line being pulled)

is in a downward direction, the
advantage is reduced by one

L
F
4 1

F
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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Pulleys and Friction

Problems will state whether friction is to be

considered

If it is not stated assume no friction

If a friction factor Ff is stated (as a percentage), the line
load LL is given by the formula below with n equal to the
number of lines in the pulley system

Load
n
1 Ff
LL
n

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Wire Rope

Safe Working Load (in tons)

SWL = (Diameter in inches)2 x 8

1/5 the Manufacturers Breaking Strength

For worn rope, reduce SWL by 50%

Wear/Failure factors

Incorrect size or grade or rope and/or sheaves

Lack of lubrication/chaffing
Overriding/cross winding
Allowing contaminates to penetrate strands
Exposure to corrosive liquids or vapors
Severe or repeated overloading

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2007

NAVOSH PDC

Questions & Critique

Contact Information:
Peter J Hill, PE, CSP
Head, Engineering Section
Commandant Marine Corps, Safety Division
2 Navy Annex, Rm 2122
Washington DC 20380-1775
Phone: 703.614.1202
Email: [email protected]

14-15 March 2007

NAVOSH PDC