This is the blood and guts of

first response, the most

important thing you will do:

survey the situation

 To Check the victim, you must first

survey the scene to ensure your
safety; then, do a primary survey.
After checking the victim, Call for
help, giving them a description of the
emergency situation as well as the
location of the scene.
After calling for help, provide
appropriate Care based on your
primary survey of the victim until help
or other advance medical personnel
arrives and takes over.

There are two more principles you

must follow:
1. Survey the scene Before you try to
help the victim, you must determine if
the scene is safe.
2. Primary survey - You will check to
determine if the victim:
.is conscious
.has an open, unobstructed airway
.is breathing
.has a heartbeat
.is not bleeding severely

If the victim is unconscious, kneel next

to the victim's head and check for the
ABC's:
A - To open the airway of an unconscious
victim, tilt the head back and lift the chin.

B - To check for breathing, you must

look, listen and feel.

C- To check for circulation, you must

check the victim's pulse at one of the
carotid arteries, located in the neck
on either side of the Adam's apple.

 Emergency treatment administered to an injured

or sick person before professional medical care is
available.
First Aid can be defined as "measures to be taken
immediately after an accident not with an idea to
cure but in order to prevent further harm being
done." It uses the available human and material
resources at the site of accident to provide initial
care to the victim of injury or sudden illness until
more advanced care is provided

Types of Wounds
avulsion - In an avulsion, a
portion of skin is torn. This
can be partial, with a portion
of skin remaining as a "flap."
In a total avulsion, a body
part is completely torn off.

 bruise - Bleeding that occurs under the

skin causes discoloration, swelling. The
area begins as red but may turn into a
"black and blue mark."

 cut - A cut is a split in the skin

caused by a sharp object, such as a
knife, or even a dull object. A cut can
have either a jagged or smooth edge.

 puncture - A puncture wound is caused

when the skin is pierced by a sharp object.
Included in this category are gunshot
wounds, impaled objects, and an object
that passes totally through a part of the
body.

 scrape - A scrape is very common,

and occurs when skin is rubbed or
scraped away.

Caring for a Minor Open Wound

Stop the bleeding by applying pressure with a clean, absorbent cloth, or if
cloth is unavailable, your fingers.
If the blood soaks through, apply a second bandage on top. Do not take
off the first bandage because it will disturb the clotting that has already
taken place.
If bleeding still doesn't stop, raise the wound above heart level.
Once bleeding stops, clean the wound gently with soap and water, or just
water. It is very important to get all debris or dirt out.
Apply an antibiotic ointment such as antibiotic ointment. Remember,
some people are allergic to these ointments, so contact your doctor if you
have any doubts.
Wrap the wound firmly in a cloth or a bandage. Do not cut off circulation!

Caring for a Major Open Wound

Covering the wound with a clean dressing, press against it

firmly with your hand.
Elevate the wound above the level of the heart.
The clean dressing should then be covered over with a roll
bandage (like an Ace) to hold the dressings in place
If bleeding still does not stop, add additional dressings over
the roll bandage.
Squeeze a pressure point, the artery against the bone. This is
in the bottom upper arm, or where the leg bends at the hip.
Once the bandages and pressure point are being maintained,
have someone call EMS if they have not already.

Special Problems
When part of the body has been
torn off...
Try to find the part
Wrap it in a clean dressing and place
in a plasctic bag.
Put the bag on ice, but don't freeze.
Take the part to the hospital.

When an object is impaled in a

wound...
Do not remove it. You could reveal an
open artery which would then be
awfully hard to deal with, a.k.a.
nearly impossible.
Bandage many dressings around the
object to immobilize it and support it
in its position in the wound.

Splinters...
A small splinter in the skin should be
removed with tweezers.
For a splinter in the eye, seek emergency
help immediately, do not touch it.

Nosebleeds...
Have the victim sit with his or her head
tilted a little bit forward while pinching
his or her nostrils together.
One could also place an ice pack on the
bridge of the nose.

Injury to the mouth...

If the injury does not involve the head,
neck, or spine, have the victim sit with
the head slightly tilted forward. If the
victim is unable to reach this position,
place the victim on his or her side. This
ensures that blood drains from the
mouth.
If the injury has broken the lip, place a
clean rolled dressing between the lip
and gum. Applying cold can also help.

The signs of major damage:

If the bleeding is bright red, or spurts from the

wound
If the wound is very deep or large
If the victim is in severe pain or you suspect
serious damage
If you can't wash all the debris out of the
wound
If you think you may need stitches
If you see any of the signs of a serious
infection - redness, soreness, swelling, red
streaks, weeping of pus, or redness that
extends more than a finger width beyond a cut

Types of Burns
Superficial Burn (First Degree)
A first degree burn involves only the top layer of skin. The skin is red and dry and
usually painful. The burned area may also swell. Most sunburns are superficial
burns. This type of burn usually heals in 5-6 days without any permanent
scarring.

Partial-Thickness Burn(Second Degree)

A second degree burn involves the top layers of skin. The skin is red with blisters
that may open and weep clear fluid, giving the skin a wet appearance. The area
may also appear mottled. The burn is usually painful and often swells. This type
of burn usually heals in 3-4 weeks, and scarring may occur.
Full-Thickness Burn(Third Degree)
A third degree burn destroys all layers of skin and any or all of the underlying
structures(fat, muscles, bones and nerves). The burn appears brown or
black(charred) with the tissues underneath sometimes appearing white. This
type of burn can be extremely painful or relatively painless if the burn destroys
the nerve endings. This burn is critical and requires immediate medical attention.

First Degree Burn

Second Degree Burn

Third Degree Burn

General Care for Burns

Thermal Burns
1.Stop the burning
2.Cool the burn
3.Cover the burn
Chemical Burn
. Call for help in any case of a chemical burn.
. Remove the chemical from the skin or eyes immediately
by flushing the area with large amounts of cool running
water.
. Remove any clothes with chemicals on them, and be
careful not to spread the chemical to other body parts or
to yourself.
. Chemical burns can be caused by chemicals used in
manufacturing or in a lab, or by household items such as
bleach, garden sprays or paint removers.

Electrical Burns
Call for help in any case of an electrical burn.
Do not go near the victim unless you are sure the
power source has been turned off.
If the victim is unconscious, check breathing and pulse.
Check for other injuries, and do not move the victim
because he or she may have spinal injuries.
Cover an electrical burn with a dry, sterile dressing. Do
not cool the burn.
Prevent the victim from getting chilled. There may be
two wounds, one where the current entered the body
and one where it left, and they may be deep.
Electrical burns can be caused by power lines,
lightening, defective electrical equipment and
unprotected electrical outlets.

Solar Radiation Burn

Burns caused by solar radiation may be
painful and may also blister.
Cool the burn.
You may want to put a product designed
specifically for sunburn on the area; these
products usually contain aloe vera and help
cool the area and reduce the pain.
Protect the burn by staying out of the sun. If
you must go in the sun, wear a sunscreen
with an SPF of at least 15 and reapply it
frequently.
Be sure to cover up any existing sunburn if
you are going to be outside again.

What are the types of injuries?

Fractures - is a medical condition

in which there is a break in the
continuity of thebone.

Kinds of Fracture
Open Fracture - occurs when an
arm or a leg twists in such a way
that the broken bone ends tear
through the skin, causing an open
wound.
Closed Fracture - the skin is not
broken.

Open Fracture Closed Fracture

Dislocations - occurs when bones in

ajoint become displaced or
misaligned.

Sprain - is the tearing of ligaments at

a joint

Strain - is a stretching and/or tearing of

muscles or tendons.

What to do?

Make the victim as comfortable as

possible, and apply ice to reduce
pain and swelling.
Minimize movement of the injured
part by supporting it with
something like a pillow.
If you must move the patient you
must immobilize the injured body
part with a splint.
Calling for help is the best cause

Types of Splint
anatomic splint - using another body part,
like an injured leg to an uninjured one, or
an injured arm to a chest.

 soft splint - from folded blankets or

towels, or using a triangular bandage
to make a sling.

 rigid splint - Use folded magazines

and newspapers, cardboard or metal
strips to support the injured body
part

Conscious Adult
Unconscious Adult
Conscious Child
Unconscious Child
Conscious Infant
Unconscious Infant
Choking Pregnant Woman or
Obese Person

Conscious Choking
ask, Are you choking?
If a person is unable to breath or speak,
treat the patient.
Treatment:
Activate EMS
Adult and Child Stand behind the victim with
one foot in-between the victims
feet and your other foot behind
you.
Place the flat side of your fist
just above the patients belly
button. Grab the back of your
fist with your other hand.
Administer abdominal thrusts
until the object comes out or
the patient becomes unconscious.
Special Circumstances:
If the patient is pregnant or too
large to reach around, instead
of placing your fist in the abdomen,
place it in the middle of
the chest to give chest thrusts.

Infant
Administer
5 back blows
and 5
chest thrusts
until the
object
comes out or
the patient
becomes
unconscious.

Concious Choking of Adult or Child.MP4

Conscious choking on an infant.MP4
Unconcious
Choking in Adult or Child.MP4
Unconcious Choking in an Infant.MP4

The four ways a person can be

poisoned are:
ingestion (swallowing it),
inhalation (breathing it),
absorption (absorbing it through the
skin), and
injection (by having it injected into the

Signs of poisoning are:

nausea,
vomiting,
diarrhea,
chest or abdominal pain,
difficulty breathing,
changes in consciousness,
seizures, or burns around the lips or
tongue or on the skin.

Ingestion
If you believe someone may have swallowed a
poison;
try to determine what type of poison was ingested,
how much was taken, and
when it was taken.
If you find a container, bring it to the telephone
with you when you make your emergency call.
Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink
unless medical professionals tell you to.
If you are unsure of what the poison was and the
victim vomits, sauce some of it so that the hospital
may analyze it and determine what the poison was.

Inhalation
If you suspect that someone has
been poisoned;
call for help immediately.
Signs of poisoning by inhalation
may include pale or bluish skin.
Remove the victim from the
source of the toxic fumes so he or
she can get some fresh air as
soon as possible.

Absorption
If you suspect that someone has been poisoned;
call your for help immediately.
If poison, such as dry or wet chemicals, gets on the skin,
flush the area with large amounts of water, and continue
flushing the area with water until help arrives.
If you have simply had a run-in with poison ivy, poison oak
or poison sumac, wash the affected area with soap and
water.
If you develop a rash, put a paste of baking soda and
water on the area several times a day, or use an anti-itch
lotion or an antihistamine to relieve the itchiness.
Be aware that some people can have allergic reactions to
even over-the-counter drugs to stop itching...use caution
and if you have any doubts about whether you are
allergic, talk to you doctor! .
See a doctor if the condition gets worse, affecting large
areas of the body or face.

How to diagnos e and treat food pois oning.MP4

WELCOME TO THE JUNGLE

Injection-Stings and Bites
If someone is stung by an insect, such as a bee,
remove the stinger by scraping it away from the skin
with your fingernail or a plastic card, or use tweezers.
Wash the area with soap and water, cover it to keep
it clean, and apply ice to reduce pain and swelling.
If the victim begins to have trouble breathing, he or
she may be experiencing an allergic reaction and his
or her body is going into anaphylactic shock.
You must for help immediately or the victim's airway
may constrict, preventing breathing and killing the
victim.

Scorpions and Spiders

Symptoms of spider bites and scorpion stings are:

nausea,
vomiting,
difficulty breathing or swallowing,
sweating and salivating profusely,
severe pain in the bite/sting area, a mark
indicating a bite/sting, and
swelling of the area.

Marine Life , Snakes and Other Animals

The stings of some different types of

marine life, such as sting rays, sea
anemones and jellyfish may make you
sick.
If you are stung,
soak the affected area in salt water
and apply a paste of baking soda or
meat tenderizer, or even ice, as soon
as possible to reduce swelling

If you are bitten by a snake,

Wash the wound and immobilize the
area, keeping it lower than the heart
if possible.
DO NOT apply ice,
DO NOT cut the wound, and
DO NOT apply a tourniquet.
Get yourself medical attention
quickly.

If you are bitten by a wild or

domestic animal,

The most serious possible consequence is rabies

Get away from the animal.
DO NOT try to catch or hold it.
Wash the wound with soap and water if it is minor,
control bleeding and apply an antibiotic ointment
and a dressing.
If the wound is bleeding heavily, do not try to wash
it;
just try to control the bleeding, and call for help.
Try to remember what the animal looked like, as
well as where you last saw it.
Call for help and inform them, and they will get the
proper authorities involved.

Heat-Related Illnesses
Heat Cramps - are painful muscle spasms.
They result from a combination of fluid and
salt loss caused by heavy sweating.
Care for Heat Cramps
Have the victim rest comfortably in a cool place,
and
provide him or her with cool water or a sports
drink.
Stretch the muscle gently and massage the area.
Once the cramps stop, the victim may resume
physical activity, but he or she should be sure to
drink plenty of fluids during and after activity.

 Heat Exhaustion - The victim loses fluid through

sweating, and blood flow to the skin increases,
thus reducing blood flow to the vital organs. The
victim therefore goes into mild shock.
Symptoms of heat exhaustion are:
normal or below normal body temperature;
pale, moist, cool skin;
headache; nausea;
dizziness;
weakness; and
exhaustion. If heat exhaustion is allowed to progress,
the victim's condition will worsen until he or she has
heat stroke.
How to deal with heat exhaustion.MP4

 Heat stroke - The body systems

become overwhelmed by heat.
Sweating stops, and the body can no
longer cool itself.
Signs of heat stroke are:
high body temperature;
hot, red, dry skin;
progressive loss of consciousness;
rapid, weak pulse; and
rapid, shallow breathing.

Care for Heat-Related Illnesses

Call EMS immediately if the victim's condition is so bad you

suspect heat stroke.
If heat-related illness is recognized in the early stages, it
can usually be reversed.
Move the victim to a cool area and give him or her cool
water to drink.
Remove any tight or heavy clothing and cool the body
however you can;
apply cool, wet cloths to the skin, fan the victim, or place
ice packs on the victim's wrists and ankles, in each armpit
and on the neck in order to cool the large blood vessels.
DO NOT apply rubbing alcohol-it prevents heat loss.
Do not let the victim drink too much too quickly-4 ounces
every 15 minutes is good.
If the victim vomits, stop giving fluids and position the
victim on his or her side,
keep the airway clear and monitor breathing and pulse.
Keep the victim lying down, and continue cooling the body

Sudden Illness
Common signals of sudden illness include:
feelings of light-headedness,
dizziness,
confusion, or
weakness.
may become pale or flushed
Sweating,
Nausea
Vomiting
changes in consciousness,
seizure,
paralysis,
slurred speech,
difficulty seeing,
severe headache,
breathing difficulty, and
persistent pressure or pain.

Care for Sudden Illness

First, call EMS immediately and
care for any life-threatening conditions
the victim may have.
Help the victim rest comfortably, and
prevent him or her from getting chilled or
overheated.
Reassure the victim.
Monitor him or her for changes in
consciousness, and
do not give the victim anything to eat or
drink unless he or she is fully conscious.

 If the victim vomits, place the victim

on his or her side to prevent choking.
If the victim faints, position him or her
on the back and elevate the legs about
a foot if you do not suspect a head,
neck or back injury. A person about to
faint becomes pale, begins to perspire,
and then loses consciousness and
collapses. Remember the adage: "If
the head is pale, raise the tail,"
which refers to returning blood and
circulation to normal after fainting.

 If the victim has a diabetic emergency, give

him or her some form of sugar-orange juice,
soda, candy, etc.
If the victim has a seizure,
DO NOT place anything in his or her mouth.
Remove any nearby objects that might injure the
victim.
Cushion his or her head with a pillow or folded
blanket, towel or article of clothing.
Move yourself out of the victim's range as he or
she will probably be thrashing violently and you
do not want to be injured.
After the seizure, keep the airway clear and place
the victim on his or her side if there is fluid, like
blood, saliva or vomit, in his or her mouth.

A Mini Game Show That Tests

Your "Rescue" Knowledge
1. Your boss suddenly feels very faint and ill. You know he is
diabetic. What do you do?
a. give two rescue breaths
b. splash his face with water
c. tell him to be a man
d. give him your orange juice

2. The man sitting next to you at the diner counter suddenly

starts coughing violently and makes motions as if he is
choking on his goulash. What do you do?
a. order something else
b. give two rescue breaths and a finger sweep
c. encourage him to continue coughing
d. perform cpr

3.

You burn your finger on the really hot filling of a Pop Tart. What
should you do?
a. wash and bandage tightly
b. run it under cool water
c. smother it with butter
d. too much fat - smother it in margarine

4. True or False with correct answer: When an unconscious infant is

choking, perform the Heimlich maneuver.
a. true
b. false - perform cpr
c. false-give two rescue breaths as hard as you can
d. false-perform the proper number of chest thrusts and back blows

5. Your neighbor complains of an aching and tightness in her chest

that has persisted about a half an hour. She also has discomfort in
her arms, neck and jaw. She thinks she has indigestion. You reply
by:
a. advise her to wait a while and see if it passes
b. call ems-she is having a heart attack
c. offer her some Tums
d. tell her to be a man

6. What spot on the human body should never

be compressed in performing cpr?
a. ribs
b. xyphoid process
c. duodenum
d. sternum
7. When a limb is severed, you:
a. wrap it in sterile cloth and place it in a bag
with ice
b. place it in cool, fresh milk
c. hold it in place on the body
d. turn on the grill

8. If
a.
b.
c.
d.

9. If
a.
b.
c.
d.

blood soaks through a bandage, you:

take the bandage off and apply a new one
add another bandage
cut off circulation to the wound
va chercher du vin
you suspect a victim has a neck injury, you:
elevate the head above the level of the heart
advise the victim to roll over
massage the injured neck to promote circulation
call ems - don't move the victim

10.Which law protects certified community first aid and cpr

providers?
a. the Good Samaritan act
b. the Lemon law
c. the fifth amendment
d. Murphy's law

Rescue
and
Transportatio
n Procedures

Principles of Rescue Operations

DO NOT take action without first
determining the extent of the hazard
and your ability to handle the
situation.
DO NOT become a casualty.
Evaluate the situation and analyze
the factors involved
Identify the task.
Evaluate circumstances of the rescue.
Plan the action.

Plan of Action
Endurance time of the
casualty.
Type of situation.
Personnel and/or equipment
availability.
Weather.
Terrain.

Mass Casualties
First Stage.Remove those personnel who
are not trapped among debris or who can be
evacuated easily.
Second Stage.Remove those personnel who
may be trapped by debris but require only the
equipment on hand and a minimum amount of
time.
Third Stage.Remove the remaining
personnel who are trapped in extremely
difficult or time-consuming situations, such as
under large amounts of debris or behind walls.
Fourth Stage.Remove the dead.

Proper Handling of Casualties

Evaluate the type and extent of his
injury.
Ensure that dressings over wounds
are adequately reinforced.
Ensure that fractured bones are
properly immobilized and
supported to prevent them from
cutting through muscle, blood
vessels, and skin.

Transportation of Casualties
a.Manual Carries- Casualties
carried by manual means
Strength and endurance of the
bearer(s).
Weight of the casualty.
Nature of the casualty's injury.
Obstacles encountered during
transport.
b.Transporting a casualty by

a) One-man Carries
1. Fireman's carry
2. Support carry
3. Arms carry
4. Saddleback carry
5. Pack-strap carry
6. Pistol-belt carry
7. Pistol-belt drag
8. Neck drag
9. Cradle drop drag

Fireman's carry

Support carry

Arms carry

Saddleback carry

Pack-strap carry

Pistol-belt carry

Pistol-belt drag

Adjust/Extend Two Pistol Belts (Or Three, If Necessary) Or Similar Objects To Their Full
Length And Join Them Together To Make One Loop. Roll The Casualty Onto His Back.
Pass The Loop Over The Casualty's Head And Position It Across His Chest And Under
His Armpits; Then Cross The Remaining Portion Of The Loop, Thus Forming A Figure
Eight. Keep Tension On The Belts So They Do Not Become Unhooked. Lie On Your Side
Facing The Casualty, Resting On Your Elbow. Slip The Loop Over Your Arm And
Shoulder That Your Leaning On And Turn Away From The Casualty Onto Your Abdomen,
Thus Enabling You To Drag The Casualty As You Crawl.

Neck drag

Cradle drop drag

b. Two-man Carries
1.Two-man support carry
2.Two-man arms carry
3.Two-man fore-and-aft
carry
4.Two-hand seat carry
5.Four-hand seat carry

Two-man support carry

Two-man arms carry

Two-man fore-and-aft carry

Two-hand seat carry

Four-hand seat carry

Improvised
Litters

THANK YOU AND GOOD

DAY!

Answers

1.D
2.C
3.B
4.D
5.B

6. B
7. A
8. B
9. D
10.C