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CH 2 Digital Communications

This document discusses the process of formatting analog signals for digital communication, including sampling, quantization, encoding, and baseband transmission. It describes how analog signals are converted to digital formats through pulse code modulation and then transmitted as waveforms. Various digital modulation techniques are covered, such as PCM waveforms, M-ary pulse modulation, and their spectral properties and tradeoffs for bandwidth efficiency, synchronization, noise immunity, and implementation complexity.

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Richard Hong Ju Lee
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739 views22 pages

CH 2 Digital Communications

This document discusses the process of formatting analog signals for digital communication, including sampling, quantization, encoding, and baseband transmission. It describes how analog signals are converted to digital formats through pulse code modulation and then transmitted as waveforms. Various digital modulation techniques are covered, such as PCM waveforms, M-ary pulse modulation, and their spectral properties and tradeoffs for bandwidth efficiency, synchronization, noise immunity, and implementation complexity.

Uploaded by

Richard Hong Ju Lee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Communications

Chapter 2
Formatting and Baseband Modulation

Block Diagram of a DCS

Signal Processing Lab., http://signal.korea.ac.kr


Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

Basic Digital Communication Transformations

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

Formatting and Transmission


of Baseband Signal

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

Seven-bit ASCII

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EBCDIC Character Code Set

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

2.3 Messages, Characters, and Symbols

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

Format Analog Signals

To transform an analog waveform into a form that is compatible


with a digital communication, the following steps are taken:

Sampling

Quantization and encoding

Baseband transmission

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

Sampling
Time domain

Frequency domain

xs (t ) x (t ) x (t )

X s ( f ) X ( f )* X ( f )

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

Sampling Aliasing (contd)

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

Quantization and Encoding

Quantization: Sampled values are quantized to values of a


finite set.

Pulse code modulation (PCM): Encoding the quantized


signals into a digital word.

Each quantized sample is digitally encoded into an bits codeword


where =log2L and L in the number of quantization level

The analog information can be recovered from the quantized samples,


but not precisely

the fidelity increases as the number of quantization level increases.


This causes bandwidth expansion for real-time application
Signal Processing Lab., http://signal.korea.ac.kr
Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

Sampling and Quantization

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

Quantization Noise
Average quantization noise power
q2

12
2

Signal peak power


2 2
L
q
2
Vp
4

Peak SNR

L2q 2 4
2
3L2
q 12

Signal Processing Lab., http://signal.korea.ac.kr


Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

PCM Sequence

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

2.8 Baseband Transmission

To transmit information through physical channels, PCM


sequences (code words) are transformed to pulses
(waveforms).

Each waveform carries a symbol from a set of size M.

Each transmit symbol represents k=log2M bits.

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

Waveform Representation

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

PCM Waveforms

PCM waveforms category


1. Nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ)
3. Return-to-zero (RZ)

2. Phase encoded
4. Multilevel binary

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

Baseband Transmission (contd)


PCM Waveforms (contd)

Criteria for selecting PCM waveforms

Spectral density and bandwidth efficiency

Bit synchronization capability

Error detection capability

Interference and noise immunity

Implementation cost and complexity

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

Spectral Densities of various PCM Waveforms

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

M-ary Pulse Modulation

M-ary pulse modulations category


M-ary pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
M-ary pulse-position modulation (PPM)
M-ary pulse-duration modulation (PDM)

M-ary PAM is a multi-level signaling where each symbol takes one of


the M allowable amplitude levels, each representing k=log2M bits of
PCM words

Signal Processing Lab., http://signal.korea.ac.kr


Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

M-ary Pulse-Modulation Waveforms

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

M-ary Pulse Modulation (contd)

For a given data rate,


M-ary PAM requires less bandwidth

For a given pulse power,


Binary PCM is easier to detect

Signal Processing Lab., http://signal.korea.ac.kr


Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

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