SAMPLING AND
DATA COLLECTION
METHODS
Dr Zairul Nisham Musa
BVEV 1106
Is a process of selecting a sample from a population.
Population is a set of all items or the larger group
from which items are selected.
What is
Sampling?
A sample is a small (but hopefully representative) collection of
items from a population used to determine truths about that
population (Field, 2005)
Sampling frame the list of individual or items from
which the sample can be obtained.
Sampling unit/items people, services, organisation,
housing etc.
The
Purposed of
Sampling
To gather data about the population in order to make
an inference that can be generalised to the
population
In other words, it is used to generalised or to make a
conclusion about the population.
STUDY POPULATION
Sampling
Process
SAMPLE
TARGET POPULATION
Target
Sampling
Questions?
Types of
Sampling
Non-probability
sampling (Nonrandom)
Convenience sampling
Judgmental sampling
Snowball sampling
Quota sampling
Probability
Sampling
(Random)
Simple random
sampling
Systematic sampling
Cluster Sampling
Stratified random
sampling
NonProbability
Sampling
(nonrandom)
Is used when the generalisation concerning the
population is not important
Sampling frame where the sample is to be selected is
not available or it is difficult to obtain.
A non probability sample relies on the researcher
selecting the respondents.
Convenienc
e Sampling
The sampling procedure of obtaining the people or
units that are most conveniently available
This involves selecting the nearest and most
convenient people to participate in the research.
This method of selection is not representative
and is considered a very unsatisfactory way to
conduct research.
Is the procedure of selecting respondents for research
solely based on the judgement of the researcher.
Judgmental
Sampling
The researcher selects a respondent whom (from his
judgement) he feels possessed certain characteristics
that represent the population of interest.
Also called purposive sampling
Snowball
Sampling
Is the procedure of selecting the subsequent
respondent based on the information provided by the
earlier respondents and the process continues until
enough respondents are obtained.
The researcher only needs to identify the first
respondent who possesses the characteristics
required by the study.
Example - Victim of illegal investment scheme.
The process whereby a researcher gathers data from
Quota
Sampling
individuals possessing identified characteristics and
quotas.
Examples - Age & Income; Male & Female etc.
Is used when a researcher plans to make inferences
about the population of interest
Probability
Sampling
And the sampling frame where the sample is to be
selected is available.
Probability samples offer each respondent an equal
probability or chance at being included in the sample.
Simple
random
sampling
This involves selecting anybody from the sample
frame entirely at random.
Random means that each person within the sample
frame has an equal chance of being selected.
In order to be random, a full list of everyone within
a sample frame is required.
Procedure: Use table of random numbers,
computer random number generator or mechanical
device.
Systematic
Sampling
This selection is like random sampling, but rather
than use random tables or a computer to select
your respondents you select them in a systematic
way.
The researcher divides the population size (N) by
the intended sample size (n) to obtain the range
k=N/n
Number units in population from 1 to N.
Decide on the n that you want or need.
N/n=k the interval size.
Randomly select a number from 1 to k.
Take every kth unit.
Stratified
Sampling
The population is divided into two or more groups
called strata, according to some criterion, such as
geographic location, grade level, age, or income, and
subsamples are randomly selected from each strata.
Stratified Random Sampling
List of clients
African-American
Hispanic-American
Others
Strata
Random subsamples of n/N
Cluster
Sampling
The entire population is divided into non overlapping
subgroups call cluster.
Cluster sampling entails selecting clusters at random
and all individuals in the selected clusters are
included in the sample.
Sample size
According to Uma Sekaran in Research Method for
Business 4th Edition, Roscoe (1975) proposed the
rules of thumb for determining sample size where
sample size larger than 30 and less than 500 are
appropriate for most research, and the minimum size
of sample should be 30% of the population.
Define the target population
Select a sampling frame
Stages in
the
Selection of
a Sample
Determine if a probability or nonprobability
sampling method will be chosen
Plan procedure for selecting
sampling units
Determine sample size
Select actual sampling units
Conduct fieldwork
Data
Collection
Methods
Is the next step after the sample is identified and
selected.
Must choose the methods that provide the most
information at minimum cost.
There are several methods of collecting data.
Face to face survey
Methods of
data
collection
Telephone survey
Direct questionnaire
Mail or Postal Questionnaire
Direct observation
Other methods (e-mail, video recording, SMS, internet
survey)
