Data and
Computer
Chapter 3 Data Transmission
Communications
EIGHTH EDITION
BY WILLIAM STALLINGS
LECTURE SLIDES BY LAWRIE
BROWN
Data Transmission
Toto, I've got a feeling we're not in Kansas
anymore. Judy Garland in The Wizard of Oz
Transmission Terminology
data transmission occurs between
a transmitter & receiver via some
medium
guided medium
eg.
twisted pair, coaxial cable,
optical fiber
unguided / wireless medium
eg.
air, water, vacuum
Transmission Terminology
direct link
no intermediate devices
point-to-point
direct link
only 2 devices share link
multi-point
more than two devices share
the link
Transmission Terminology
simplex
one direction
eg. television
half duplex
either direction, but only one way
at a time
eg. police radio
full duplex
both directions at the same time
eg. telephone
Frequency, Spectrum and
Bandwidth
time domain concepts
analog signal
various in a smooth way over time
digital signal
maintains a constant level then
changes to another constant level
periodic signal
pattern repeated over time
aperiodic signal
pattern not repeated over time
Analogue & Digital
Signals
Periodic
Signals
Sine Wave
peak amplitude (A)
maximum
strength of signal
volts
frequency (f)
rate
of change of signal
Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second
period = time for one repetition (T)
T = 1/f
phase ()
relative
position in time
Varying Sine Waves
s(t) = A sin(2ft +)
Wavelength ()
is distance occupied by one cycle
between two points of corresponding
phase in two consecutive cycles
assuming signal velocity v have =
vT
or equivalently f = v
especially when v=c
c = 3*108 ms-1 (speed of light in free
space)
Frequency Domain
Concepts
signal are made up of many
frequencies
components are sine waves
Fourier analysis can shown that
any signal is made up of
component sine waves
can plot frequency domain
functions
Addition of
Frequency
Components
(T=1/f)
c is sum of f & 3f
Frequency
Domain
Representations
freq domain func
of Fig 3.4c
freq domain func
of single square
pulse
Spectrum & Bandwidth
spectrum
range
absolute bandwidth
width
of frequencies contained in signal
of spectrum
effective bandwidth
often just bandwidth
narrow
band of frequencies containing
most energy
DC Component
component
of zero frequency
Data Rate and Bandwidth
any transmission system has a limited
band of frequencies
this limits the data rate that can be carried
square have infinite components and
hence bandwidth
but most energy in first few components
limited bandwidth increases distortion
have a direct relationship between data
rate & bandwidth
Analog and Digital Data
Transmission
data
entities that convey meaning
signals & signalling
electric or electromagnetic
representations of data, physically
propagates along medium
transmission
communication of data by propagation
and processing of signals
Acoustic Spectrum
(Analog)
Audio Signals
freq range 20Hz-20kHz (speech 100Hz-7kHz)
easily converted into electromagnetic signals
varying volume converted to varying voltage
can limit frequency range for voice channel to
300-3400Hz
Video Signals
USA - 483 lines per frame, at frames per
sec
have 525 lines but 42 lost during vertical
retrace
525 lines x 30 scans = 15750 lines per sec
63.5s per line
11s for retrace, so 52.5 s per video line
max frequency if line alternates black and
white
horizontal resolution is about 450 lines
giving 225 cycles of wave in 52.5 s
max frequency of 4.2MHz
Digital Data
as generated by computers etc.
has two dc components
bandwidth depends on data rate
Analog Signals
Digital Signals
Advantages & Disadvantages
cheaper
of
Digital
Signals
less susceptible to noise
but greater attenuation
digital now preferred choice
Transmission
Impairments
signal received may differ from
signal transmitted causing:
analog - degradation of signal
quality
digital - bit errors
most significant impairments are
attenuation and attenuation
distortion
delay distortion
noise
Attenuation
where signal strength falls off with distance
depends on medium
received signal strength must be:
strong
enough to be detected
sufficiently
higher than noise to receive without error
so increase strength using amplifiers/repeaters
is also an increasing function of frequency
so equalize attenuation across band of
frequencies used
eg.
using loading coils or amplifiers
Delay Distortion
only occurs in guided media
propagation velocity varies with
frequency
hence various frequency
components arrive at different times
particularly critical for digital data
since parts of one bit spill over into
others
causing intersymbol interference
Noise
additional signals inserted between
transmitter and receiver
thermal
due to thermal agitation of
electrons
uniformly distributed
white noise
intermodulation
signals that are the sum and
difference of original frequencies
sharing a medium
Noise
crosstalk
a signal from one line is picked up by another
impulse
irregular pulses or spikes
eg. external electromagnetic interference
short duration
high amplitude
a minor annoyance for analog signals
but a major source of error in digital data
a noise spike could corrupt many bits
Channel Capacity
max possible data rate on comms channel
is a function of
data
rate - in bits per second
bandwidth
noise
error
- in cycles per second or Hertz
- on comms link
rate - of corrupted bits
limitations due to physical properties
want most efficient use of capacity
Nyquist Bandwidth
consider noise free channels
if rate of signal transmission is 2B then can carry
signal with frequencies no greater than B
ie.
given bandwidth B, highest signal rate is 2B
for binary signals, 2B bps needs bandwidth B Hz
can increase rate by using M signal levels
Nyquist Formula is: C = 2B log2M
so increase rate by increasing signals
at
cost of receiver complexity
limited
by noise & other impairments
Shannon Capacity
Formula
consider relation of data rate, noise & error rate
faster
data rate shortens each bit so bursts of noise
affects more bits
given
noise level, higher rates means higher errors
Shannon developed formula relating these to
signal to noise ratio (in decibels)
SNRdb=10 log10 (signal/noise)
Capacity C=B log2(1+SNR)
theoretical
get
maximumcapacity
lower in practise
Summary
looked at data transmission issues
frequency, spectrum & bandwidth
analog vs digital signals
transmission impairments
