CAMPBELL
BIOLOGY
TENTH
EDITION
Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
1
Evolution, the
Themes of Biology,
and Scientific Inquiry
Lecture Presentation by
Nicole Tunbridge and
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
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Inquiring About Life
Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light
of evolutionTheodosius Dobzhansky
Evolution is the process of change that has
transformed life on Earth
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Biology is the scientific study of life
Biologists ask questions such as
How does a single cell develop into an organism?
How does the human mind work?
Life defies a simple, one-sentence definition
*Brainstorm: How can you test if
something is alive?
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Figure 1.2 Some properties of life
Order
Regulation
Evolutionary
adaptation
Energy processing
Growth and
development
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Response
to the
environment
Reproduction
Concept 1.1: The study of life reveals common
themes
There are five unifying themes
1. Organization
2. Information
3. Energy and matter
4. Interactions
5. Evolution
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Video: Seahorse Camouflage
Theme 1: New Properties Emerge at Successive
Levels of Biological Organization
Life can be studied at different levels, from
molecules to the entire living planet
This enormous range can be divided into different
levels of biological organization
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Figure 1.3 Exploringlevelsofbiologicalorganization
7 Tissues
1 The Biosphere
6 Organs
and Organ
Systems
2
Ecosystems
10
Molecules
3
Communities
8
Cells
5
Organisms
9 Organelles
4 Populations
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Biological organization: hierarchy of life
_
_
_
_
The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life
_
_
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
_
_
_
_
The specialized structures within a cell that perform a specific function
The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
An interacting group of various species in a common location
The complex of living organisms, their physical environment, and all
their interrelationships in a particular location
A group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to
perform a specific function
An individual living thing
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same location
A group of structurally and functionally similar cells and their
intercellular material
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Emergent Properties
Emergent properties result from the arrangement
and interaction of parts within a system
Example: bicycle
Reductionism is the reduction of complex systems
to simpler components that are more manageable
to study
Example: studying the molecular structure of DNA
helps us to understand the chemical basis of
inheritance
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Systems Biology
A system is a combination of components that
function together
Systems biology constructs models for the
dynamic behavior of whole biological systems
How does a drug for blood pressure affect other
organs?
How does increasing CO2 alter the biosphere?
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Structure and Function
At each level of the biological hierarchy we find a
correlation between structure and function
Form fits function in a gulls wing: wings, bones, neurons,
and infoldings of membranes in mitochondria
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The Cell: An Organisms Basic Unit of Structure
and Function
The cell is the lowest level of organization that can
perform all activities required for life
All cells
Are enclosed by a membrane
Use DNA as their genetic information
A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed
organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus
By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and
usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or
other membrane-enclosed organelles
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Figure 1.4 Contrastingeukaryoticandprokaryoticcellsinsizeandcomplexity
Eukaryotic cell
Membrane
Prokaryotic cell
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
(membraneenclosed)
Membraneenclosed organelles
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DNA (throughout
nucleus)
1 m
Theme 2: Lifes Processes Involve the Expression
and Transmission of Genetic Information
Within cells, structures called chromosomes
contain genetic material in the form of DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
25 m
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DNA, the Genetic Material
Each chromosome has one long DNA molecule
with hundreds or thousands of genes
Genes encode information for building the
molecules synthesized within the cell
Genes are the units of inheritance
The ability of cells to divide is the basis of all
reproduction, growth, and repair of multicellular
organisms
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Figure 1.6 InheritedDNAdirectsdevelopmentofanorganism
Nuclei containing DNA
Sperm cell
Egg cell
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embryos cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Offspring with
traits inherited
from both parents
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Figure 1.7 DNA:Thegeneticmaterial
Nucleus
DNA
Nucleotide
T
A
Cell
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(a) DNA double helix
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(b) Single strand of DNA
Figure 1.8 Geneexpression
(b) How do lens cells make crystallin proteins?
Crystallin gene
(a) Lens cells are
tightly packed
with transparent
proteins called
crystallin.
Lens
cell
DNA
A C
G A
G G
G C
G G
U G
G C
TRANSCRIPTION
Genes control protein
production indirectly
DNA is transcribed into
RNA, which is then
translated into a protein
Gene expression is the
process of converting
information from gene to
cellular product
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mRNA
TRANSLATION
Chain of amino
acids
PROTEIN FOLDING
Protein
Crystallin protein
Genomics: Large-Scale Analysis of DNA
Sequences
An organisms genome is its entire set of genetic
instructions
The human genome and those of many other
organisms have been sequenced
Genomics is the study of sets of genes within and
between species
Proteomics is the study of whole sets of proteins
encoded by the genome (known as proteomes)
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The genomics approach depends on
High-throughput technology, which yields
enormous amounts of data
Bioinformatics, which is the use of computational
tools to process a large volume of data
Interdisciplinary research teams
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Theme 3: Life Requires the Transfer and
Transformation of Energy and Matter
The input of energy from the sun and the
transformation of energy from one form to another
make life possible
The dynamics of an ecosystem include two
major processes:
The flow of energy
Cycling of nutrients
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Figure 1.9 Energyflowandchemicalcycling
ENERGY FLOW
Chemicals
pass to
organisms
that eat the
plants.
Light
energy
Chemical
energy
Heat
Plants take
up chemicals
from the soil
and air.
Chemicals
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Decomposers
return
chemicals
to the soil.
Theme 4: From Ecosystems to
Molecules, Interactions Are
Important in Biological Systems
Interactions between the components of the
system ensure smooth integration of all the parts
This holds true equally well for components of an
ecosystem and the molecules in a cell
Each organism interacts continuously with other
organisms
These interactions may be beneficial or harmful to
one or both of the organisms
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gure 1.10 InteractionsofanAfricanacaciatreewithotherorganismsandthephysicalenvironment
Sunlight
Leaves absorb light
energy from the sun.
CO2 Leaves take in
carbon dioxide
from the air and
release oxygen.
O2
Leaves fall to the
ground and are
decomposed by
organisms that
return minerals
to the soil.
Water and
minerals in
the soil are
taken up
by the tree
through its
roots.
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Animals eat leaves
and fruit from the tree,
returning nutrients
and minerals to the
soil in their waste
products.
Molecules: Interactions Within Organisms
Interactions between componentsorgans,
tissues, cells, and moleculesthat make up living
organisms are crucial to their smooth operation
Cells are able to coordinate various chemical
pathways through a mechanism called feedback
In feedback regulation the output, or product of a
process, regulates that very process
Feedback is a regulatory motif common to life at all
levels
The most common form of regulation in living
organisms is negative feedback, in which the
response reduces the initial stimulus
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Figure 1.11 Feedbackregulation
STIMULUS: High
blood glucose level
Negative feedback
Insulin-producing
cell in pancreas
Insulin
Circulation
throughout
body via
blood
Liver and
muscle cells
RESPONSE: Glucose
uptake by liver and
muscle cells
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Evolution, the Core Theme of Biology
Evolution is the one idea that makes
logical sense of everything we know
about living organisms
The scientific explanation for both
the unity and diversity of organisms
is the concept that living organisms
are modified descendants of
common ancestors
Many kinds of evidence support the
occurrence of evolution
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Concept 1.2: The Core Theme: Evolution
accounts for the unity and diversity of life
Evolutionary mechanisms account for the unity
and diversity of all species on Earth
Think-pair-share:
*How many species have been
identified and named?
*How many species actually
exist?
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Classifying the Diversity of Life
Approximately ____ _illion species have been
identified and named to date, and thousands more
are identified each year
Estimates of the total number of species that
actually exist range from ___ _illion to over ___
_illion
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Grouping Species: The Basic Idea
Taxonomy is the
branch of biology
that names and
classifies species
into groups of
increasing breadth
Domains, followed
by kingdoms, are the
broadest units of
classification
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Figure 1.12 Classifyinglife
Ursus americanus
SPECIES
GENUS FAMILY
ORDER
CLASS PHYLUM KINGDOM DOMAIN
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
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The Three Domains of Life
Organisms are divided into three domains, named
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea compose
the prokaryotes (single-celled, simple, small, etc.)
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2 m
(b) Domain Archaea
2 m
(a) Domain Bacteria
Domain Eukarya includes all
eukaryotic organisms
Domain Eukarya includes three
multicellular kingdoms
Plants, which produce their own food
by photosynthesis
Fungi, which absorb nutrients
Animals, which ingest their food
Protists are generally divided into a
number of supergroups
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Unity in the Diversity of Life
A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for
example
DNA is the universal genetic language common to
all organisms
Unity is evident in many features of cell structure
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Figure 1.14 Anexampleofunityunderlyingthediversityoflife:thearchitectureofciliaineukaryotes
5 m
Cross section
of a cilium
15 m
Cilia of
Paramecium
Cilia of
windpipe cells
0.1 m
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Charles Darwin and the Theory of
Natural Selection
Fossils and other evidence document the
evolution of life on Earth over billions of years
Charles Darwin published On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection in
1859
Darwin made two main points
Species showed evidence of descent
with modification from common
ancestors; natural selection is the
mechanism
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Darwin observed that
Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many
of which are heritable
More offspring are produced than survive, and
competition is inevitable
Species generally suit their environment
Darwin inferred that
Individuals that are best suited to their environment
are more likely to survive and reproduce
Over time, more individuals in a population will
have the advantageous traits
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Evolution occurs as the unequal reproductive
success of individuals
In other words, the environment selects for the
propagation of beneficial traits
Darwin called this process natural selection
Natural selection results in the adaptation of
organisms to their environment
Darwins theory explained the duality of unity and
diversity
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Figure 1.17 Unityanddiversityamongbirds
European robin
American flamingo
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Gentoo penguin
Figure 1.18 Naturalselection
1 Population
with varied
inherited
traits
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2 Elimination
of individuals
with certain
traits
3 Reproduction
of survivors
4 Increasing
frequency
of traits that
enhance
survival
The Tree of Life
Unity in diversity arises from descent with
modification
For example, the forelimb of the bat, human, and
horse and the whale flipper all share a common
skeletal architecture
Fossils provide additional evidence of anatomical
unity from descent with modification
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Insect-eaters
Green warbler finch
Certhidea olivacea
Gray warbler finch
Certhidea fusca
Bud-eater
Seed-eater
COMMON
ANCESTOR
Warbler finches
Figure 1.20 Descent with modification: adaptive radiation of finches on the Galpagos Islands.
Sharp-beaked
ground finch
Geospiza difficilis
Vegetarian finch
Platyspiza crassirostris
Mangrove finch
Cactospiza heliobates
Insect-eaters
Tree finches
Woodpecker finch
Cactospiza pallida
Medium tree finch
Camarhynchus pauper
Large tree finch
Camarhynchus psittacula
Small tree finch
Camarhynchus parvulus
Seed-eaters
Ground finches
Darwin proposed that
natural selection could
cause an ancestral
species to give rise to two
or more descendent
species
For example, the
finch species of the
Galpagos Islands
are descended from
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a common ancestor
Cactus-flowereaters
Large cactus
ground finch
Geospiza conirostris
Cactus ground finch
Geospiza scandens
Small ground finch
Geospiza fuliginosa
Medium ground finch
Geospiza fortis
Large ground finch
Geospiza
magnirostris
Concept 1.3: In studying nature, scientists make
observations and form and test hypotheses
The word science is derived from Latin and
means to know
Inquiry is the search for information and
explanations of natural phenomena
The scientific process includes making
observations, forming logical hypotheses, and
testing them
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Making Observations
Recorded observations are
called data
Qualitative data often take the
form of recorded descriptions
For example, Jane Goodalls
observations of chimpanzee
behavior
Quantitative data are generally
expressed as numerical
measurement, organized into
tables and graphs
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Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning draws conclusions through
the logical process of induction
Repeat specific observations can lead to
important generalizations
For example, the sun always rises in the east
Observations and inductive reasoning can lead
us to ask questions and propose hypothetical
explanations called hypotheses
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Forming and Testing Hypotheses
In science a hypothesis is a tentative answer to a
well-framed scientific question
It is usually a rational accounting for a set of
observations
It leads to predictions that can be tested by
making additional observations or by performing
experiments
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Figure 1.22 A campground example of
hypothesis-based inquiry.
For example
Observations
Observation: Your flashlight doesnt
work
Question: Why doesnt your
flashlight work?
Hypothesis 1: The batteries are
dead
Hypothesis 2: The bulb is burnt out
Question
Hypothesis #1:
Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:
Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Prediction:
Replacing bulb
will fix problem
Test of prediction
Test of prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis
Test does not falsify hypothesis
Both these hypotheses are testable
Support (or lack of contradiction) of
a hypothesis does not prove that
hypothesis
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Questions That Can and Cannot Be Addressed
by Science
A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable
For example, a hypothesis that ghosts broke the
flashlight cannot be tested
Supernatural and religious explanations are
outside the bounds of science
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Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning uses general premises to
make specific predictions
Initial observations may give rise to multiple
hypotheses
In the scientific process, deductive testing takes the
form of Ifthen logic.
We can never prove that a hypothesis is true, but
testing it in many ways with different sorts of data
can increase our confidence in it tremendously
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The Flexibility of the Scientific Process
The scientific method is an idealized process of
inquiry
Hypothesis-based science is based on the
textbook scientific method but rarely follows all
the ordered steps
Backtracking and rethinking may be necessary
part way through the process
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Experimental Variables and Controls
In a controlled experiment, an experimental
group is compared with a control group
Ideally experimental and control groups differ in
only the one factor under investigation
Without controls the researchers would not be
able to rule out other factors besides model color
that might have affected the results
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Theories in Science
In the context of science, a theory is
Broader in scope than a hypothesis
General, and can lead to new testable
hypotheses
Supported by a large body of evidence in
comparison to a hypothesis
A scientific theory is a well-substantiated
explanation of some aspect of the natural world
that is acquired through the scientific method, and
repeatedly confirmed through observation and
experimentation.
National Academy of Sciences and AAAS Evolution Resources
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Science, Technology, and Society
The goal of science is to understand natural
phenomena
The goal of technology is to apply scientific
knowledge for some specific purpose
Science and technology are interdependent
DNA tests exonerate the innocent
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You should now be able to:
Briefly describe the unifying themes that
characterize the biological sciences
Describe the levels of the hierarchy of biological
organization
Distinguish among the three domains of life, and
the eukaryotic kingdoms
Describe the scientific methods
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