Chapter 11
Data Link
Control
and
Protocols
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11.1 Flow and Error Control
Flow Control
Error Control
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Note:
Flow control refers to a set of
procedures used to restrict the amount
of data that the sender can send before
waiting for acknowledgment.
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Note:
Error control in the data link layer is
based on automatic repeat request,
which is the retransmission of data.
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11.2 Stop-and-Wait ARQ
Operation
Bidirectional Transmission
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11.1
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Normal operation
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11.2
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Stop-and-Wait ARQ, lost frame
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11.3
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Stop-and-Wait ARQ, lost ACK frame
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Note:
In Stop-and-Wait ARQ, numbering
frames prevents the retaining of
duplicate frames.
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11.4
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Stop-and-Wait ARQ, delayed ACK
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Note:
Numbered acknowledgments are
needed if an acknowledgment is
delayed and the next frame is lost.
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11.5
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Piggybacking
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11.3 Go-Back-N ARQ
Sequence Number
Sender and Receiver Sliding Window
Control Variables and Timers
Acknowledgment
Resending Frames
Operation
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11.6 Sender sliding window
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11.7
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Receiver sliding window
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11.8
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Control variables
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11.9
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Go-Back-N ARQ, normal operation
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11.10
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Go-Back-N ARQ, lost frame
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11.11 Go-Back-N ARQ: sender window size
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Note:
In Go-Back-N ARQ, the size of the
sender window must be less than 2m;
the size of the receiver window is
always 1.
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11.4 Selective-Repeat ARQ
Sender and Receiver Windows
Operation
Sender Window Size
Bidirectional Transmission
Pipelining
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11.12
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Selective Repeat ARQ, sender and receiver windows
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11.13
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Selective Repeat ARQ, lost frame
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Note:
In Selective Repeat ARQ, the size of
the sender and receiver window must
be at most one-half of 2m.
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11.14
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Selective Repeat ARQ, sender window size
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Example 1
In a Stop-and-Wait ARQ system, the bandwidth of the line is 1 Mbps, and 1 bit
takes 20 ms to make a round trip. What is the bandwidth-delay product? If the
system data frames are 1000 bits in length, what is the utilization percentage of
the link?
Solution
The bandwidth-delay product is
1 106 20 10-3 = 20,000 bits
The system can send 20,000 bits during the time it takes for the data to go
from the sender to the receiver and then back again. However, the system
sends only 1000 bits. We can say that the link utilization is only
1000/20,000, or 5%. For this reason, for a link with high bandwidth or long
delay, use of Stop-and-Wait ARQ wastes the capacity of the link.
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Example 2
What is the utilization percentage of the link in Example 1 if the link uses GoBack-N ARQ with a 15-frame sequence?
Solution
The bandwidth-delay product is still 20,000. The system can send up to 15
frames or 15,000 bits during a round trip. This means the utilization is
15,000/20,000, or 75 percent. Of course, if there are damaged frames, the
utilization percentage is much less because frames have to be resent.
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11.5 HDLC
Configurations and Transfer Modes
Frames
Frame Format
Examples
Data Transparency
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11.15
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NRM
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11.16
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ABM
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11.17
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HDLC frame
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11.18
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HDLC frame types
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11.19
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I-frame
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11.20
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S-frame control field in HDLC
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11.21
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U-frame control field in HDLC
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Table 11.1 U-frame control command and response
Command/response
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Meaning
SNRM
Set normal response mode
SNRME
Set normal response mode (extended)
SABM
Set asynchronous balanced mode
SABME
Set asynchronous balanced mode (extended)
UP
Unnumbered poll
UI
Unnumbered information
UA
Unnumbered acknowledgment
RD
Request disconnect
DISC
Disconnect
DM
Disconnect mode
RIM
Request information mode
SIM
Set initialization mode
RSET
Reset
XID
Exchange ID
FRMR
Frame reject
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11.22
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Example 3
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11.23
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Example 4
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Note:
Bit stuffing is the process of adding
one extra 0 whenever there are five
consecutive 1s in the data so that the
receiver does not mistake the
data for a flag.
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11.24
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Bit stuffing and removal
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