SENSORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Prepared by:
Benjamin A. Bere III
WHAT IS A SENSOR?
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A sensor is a device that measures a physical
quantity and converts it into a signal which can be
read by an observer or by an instrument.
INTRODUCTION
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NEW REVOLUTION OF OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS
IT IS A SPIN-OFF FROM OTHER OPTICAL
TECHNOLOGIES
SEEING THE POTENTIAL IN SENSING
APPLICATIONS DEVELOPED AS ITS OWN
FIELD
WHY OPTICAL SENSORS
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ELECTROMAGNETIC IMMUNITY
ELECTRICAL ISOLATION
COMPACT AND LIGHT
BOTH POINT AND DISTRIBUTED
CONFIGURATION
WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE
AMENABLE TO MULTIPLEXING
OPTICAL SENSOR MEASURANDS
TEMPERATURE
CHEMICAL
SPECIES
PRESSURE
FORCE
FLOW
RADIATION
LIQUID LEVEL
pH
DISPLACEMENT HUMIDITY
VIBRATION
STRAIN
ROTATION
VELOCITY
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
ELECTRIC
FIELDS
ACCELERATION ACOUSTIC
5 FIELDS
WORKING PRINCIPLE
LIGHT BEAM CHANGES BY THE
PHENOMENA THAT IS BEING MEASURED
LIGHT MAY CHANGE IN ITS FIVE OPTICAL
PROPERTIES i.e INTENSITY, PHASE,
POLARIZATION,WAVELENGTH AND
SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION
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SENSING DETAILS
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EP(t)cos[t+(t)]
INTENSITY BASED SENSORS EP (t)
FREQUENCY VARYING SENSORS - P(t)
PHASE MODULATING SENSING- (t)
POLARIZATION MODULATING FIBER SENSING
CLASSIFICATION
EXTRINSIC SENSORS
WHERE THE LIGHT LEAVES THE FEED OR
TRANSMITTING FIBER TO BE CHANGED BEFORE
IT CONTINUES TO THE DETECTOR BY MEANS
OF THE RETURN OR RECEIVING FIBER
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CLASSIFICATION (contd.)
INTRINSIC SENSORS
INTRINSIC SENSORS ARE DIFFERENT IN THAT THE
LIGHT BEAM DOES NOT LEAVE THE OPTICAL FIBER
BUT IS CHANGED WHILST STILL CONTAINED WITHIN IT.
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COMPARISON OF THE TWO TYPES
EXTRINSIC
INTRINSIC
APPLICATIONS-
APPLICATIONS-
TEMPERATURE,
PRESSURE,LIQUID
LEVEL AND FLOW.
LESS SENSITIVE
EASILY MULTIPLEXED
INGRESS/ EGRESS
CONNECTION
PROBLEMS
EASIER TO USE
LESS EXPENSIVE
ROTATION,
ACCELERATION, STRAIN,
ACOUSTIC PRESSURE
AND VIBRATION.
MORE SENSITIVE
TOUGHER TO MULTIPLEX
REDUCES CONNECTION
PROBLEMS
MORE ELABORATE
SIGNAL DEMODULATION
MORE EXPENSIVE
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SENSOR TYPES
CHEMICAL SENSORS11
REMOTE SPECTROSCOPY
GROUNDWATER AND SOIL CONTAMINATION
MAJOR PLAYERS IN CHEMICAL SENSORS
1) PHARMACIA BIOTECH (SWEDEN)
2) FIBERCHEM
3) THE QUANTUM GROUP
TEMPERATURE SENSORS
LARGEST COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SENSORS
RANGE -40 deg C TO 1000 deg C
US-SMALL COMPANIES, JAPAN- HITACHI n
SUMITOMO
STRAIN SENSORS
FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS
(FBG)
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TECHNOLOGY
SENSES AS LITTLE AS 9 MICROSTRAIN
NRL and UNITED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH
BIOMEDICAL SENSORS
SPECTROSCOPIC BIOMEDICAL SENSORS
CO 2, O 2 and pH CAN BE MEASURED
SIMULTANEOUSLY
FLOW MONITORING BY LASER
DOPPLERIMETRY
FIBERS OPTHALMOLOGIC APPLICATION
ELECTRICAL AND
MAGNETIC
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SENSORS
APPEALING- INHERENT DIELECTRIC
NATURE
LESS SENSITIVE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC
INTERFERENCE
SMALL SIZE AND SAFER
THEY ARE ALMOST ALWAYS HYBRID
ABB CORPORATION RESEARCH CENTER
ROTATION SENSOR
BASED ON THE SAGNAC EFFECT
TWO TYPES RING LASER GYROSCOPE
(RLG) AND FIBER OPTIC GYROSCOPE
(FOG)
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US COMPANIES PURSUING HIGH
PERFORMANCE FOGs (HONEYWELL,
LITTON, NORTHRUP, ALLIED SIGNAL etc.)
PRESSURE SENSORS
EARLIER BASED ON PIEZORESISTIVE
TECHNIQUE
BASED ON MOVABLE DIAPHRAGM
HIGH PERFORMANCE- (POLARIZATION
BASED SENSORS)
OPERATING PRESSURE RANGES FROM 070,000 torr
DISPLACEMENT AND POSITION
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SENSORS
ONE OF THE FIRST OPTOELECTRONIC
SENSORS TO BE DEVELOPED.
SIMPLE SENSORS RELY ON THE CHANGE
IN RETROREFLECTANCE DUE TO A
PROXIMAL MIRROR SURFACE
ALSO REFERRED AS LIQUID LEVEL
SENSORS
APPLICATIONS
MILITARY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
THIS SENSOR ENABLES LOW LIGHT IMAGING AT TV FRAME
RATES AND ABOVE WITHOUT THE LIMITATIONS OF VACUM TUBE
BASED SYSTEMS.
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NIGHT VISION CAMERA (contd.)
COMPRISES OF : 17
AMPLIFIED CCD SENSOR
ANTI BLOOMING TECHNOLOGY
CRYSTAL POLYMER SHUTTER
ADVANTAGES :
EXCEPTIONAL DAY LIGHT RESOLN.
IMMUNE TO OVER EXPOSURE
VERY HIGH CONTARAST LEVELS
NO HALOING OR SCINTILLATIONS
BIOMETRICS
YOUR FACE, FINGERS AND EYES IN A WHOLE NEW LIGHT
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IMAGE CAPTURE
IMAGE PROCESSING
FEATURE EXTRACTION
FEATURE COMPARISON
PARTIAL DISCHARGE DETECTION USES
OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS
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OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS ARE BEING TESTED FOR USE
IN DETECTING PARTIAL DISCHARGES IN ELECTRICAL
TRANSFORMERS. PINPOINTING SUCH DISCHARGES IS
ESSENTIAL TO PREVENTING INSULATION BREAKDOWN
AND CATASTROPHIC FAILURES.
