Chapter 16:

Databases
Starting Out with Java:
From Control Structures through Objects
Fifth Edition
by Tony Gaddis

Chapter Topics
Chapter 16 discusses the following main topics:

Introduction to Database Management Systems

Tables, Rows, and Columns
Introduction to the SQL SELECT Statement
Inserting Rows
Updating and Deleting Existing Rows
Creating and Deleting Tables
Creating a New Database with JDBC

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Chapter Topics (2)

Scrollable Result Sets

Result Set Metadata
Displaying Query Results in a JTable
Relational Data
Advanced Topics

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16-3

Introduction to Database Management

Systems
Storing data in traditional text or binary files has its
limits
well suited for applications that store only a small amount of
data
not practical for applications that must store a large amount
of data
simple operations become cumbersome and inefficient as
data increases

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Introduction to Database Management

Systems
A database management system (DBMS) is
software that is specifically designed to work
with large amounts of data in an efficient and
organized manner
Data is stored using the database management system
Applications written in Java or other languages
communicate with the DBMS rather than manipulate
the data directly
DBMS carries out instructions and sends the results
back to the application
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16-5

A Java Application Interacts with a

DBMS, Which Manipulates Data
The Application
sends a command to
the DBMS

The DBMS executes

the command on the
Data

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The Application
displays the result to
the user

The DBMS sends the

result back to the
Application

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JDBC Provides Connectivity to the

DBMS
JDBC stands for Java database
connectivity
It is the technology that makes
communication possible
between the Java application
and DBMS
The Java API contains
numerous JDBC classes that
allow your Java applications to
interact with a DBMS
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SQL Sends Commands to the DBMS

SQL stands for structured query language
A standard language for working with database management
systems
Not used as a general programming language
Consists of several key words, used to construct statements
known as queries
Statements or queries are strings passed from the application to
the DBMS using API method calls
Serve as instructions for the DBMS to carry out operations on
its data

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JDBC Needs a DBMS

To use JDBC to work with a database you will need a DBMS
Java DB
Oracle
Microsoft SQL Server
DB2
MySQL
The examples in this chapter were created with Java DB

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16-9

JDBC Classes
Java comes with a standard set of JDBC classes
java.sql and javax.sql

Using JDBC in a Java application requires the

following steps
1. Get a connection to the database
2. Pass a string containing an SQL statement to the DBMS
3. If the SQL statement has results to send back, they will
be sent back as a result set
4. When finished working with the database , close the
connection

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Getting a Database Connection

The static DriverManager.getConnection method is
used to get a connection to the database
General format of the simplest version:
DriverManager.getConnection(DatabaseURL);

General format if a user name and a password are required:

DriverManager.getConnection(DatabaseURL,
Username,
Password);

Username is a string containing a valid username

Password is a string containing a password
DatabaseURL lists the protocol used to access the database
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Getting a Database Connection

DatabaseURL is a string known as a database URL
URL stands for uniform resource locator

A simple database URL has the following general format:

protocol:subprotocol:databaseName
protocol is the database protocol
value is jdbc when using JDBC

subprotocol varies depending on the type of DBMS

value is derby when using Java DB

databaseName is the name of the database

Using Java DB, the URL for the CoffeeDB database is:

jdbc:derby:CoffeeDB
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Getting a Database Connection

The DriverManager.getConnection method
Searches for and loads a compatible JDBC driver for the
database specified by the URL
Returns a reference to a Connection object
Should be saved in a variable, so it can be used later
Throws an SQLException if it fails to load a compatible
JDBC driver
Final String DB_URL = "jdbc:derby:CoffeeDB";
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL);

Example: TestConnection.java
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Tables, Rows, and Columns

A database management system stores data in a
database
A database is organized into one or more tables
Each table holds a collection of related data, organized
into rows and columns
A row is a complete set of information about a single
item, divided into columns
Each column is an individual piece of information
about the item

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Database Organization

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Parts of the Coffee Database Table

Each row
contains
data for a
single item.

Description
Column

ProdNum
Column

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Price
Column
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Column Data Types

Columns in a database are assigned an SQL data type
SQL data types are generally compatible with Java data types

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The Coffee Table Column Data Types

Description column data type is CHAR(25)
String with a fixed length of 25 characters
Compatible with the String type in Java

ProdNum column data type is CHAR(10)

String with a fixed length of 10 characters
Compatible with the String type in Java

Price column data type is DOUBLE

Double-precision floating-point number
Compatible with the double data type in Java
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Primary Keys
A primary key is a column that holds a unique
value for each row in a database table
In the Coffee table, ProdNum is the primary
key
Each type of coffee has a unique product number
Used to identify any coffee stored in the table

A primary key can be the combination of

several columns in a table
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Introduction to the SQL SELECT

Statement
The SELECT statement is used to retrieve the rows in a table
SELECT Columns FROM Table

Columns is one or more column names

Table is a table name
Example 1:
SELECT Description FROM Coffee
Example 2:
SELECT Description, Price FROM Coffee
Multiple column names are separated with a comma
Example 3:
SELECT * FROM Coffee
The * character can be used to retrieve all columns in the table

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More About SQL Statements

SQL statements are free form
tabs, new lines, and spaces between key words are ignored

SQL key words and table names are case insensitive

Example: The following statements all work the same:
SELECT * FROM Coffee
SELECT
*
FROM
Coffee
select * from coffee
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Passing an SQL Statement to the DBMS

Once you have established a connection, you must get a
reference to a Statement object before you can issue SQL
statements to the DBMS

A Statement object has an executeQuery method that returns a

reference to a ResultSet object
A ResultSet object contains the results of the query
Example:

Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL);

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sqlStatement = "SELECT Description FROM Coffee";
ResultSet result = stmt.executeQuery(sqlStatement);

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Getting a Row from the ResultSet

Object
A ResultSet object has an internal cursor

Points to a specific row in the ResultSet

The row to which it points is the current row
Initially positioned just before the first row
Can be moved from row to row to examine all rows

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Getting a Row from the ResultSet

Object
A ResultSet objects next method moves the
cursor to the next row in the ResultSet
result.next();

moves to first row in a newly created ResultSet

moves to the next row each time it is called

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Getting a Row from the ResultSet

Object
A ResultSet objects next method returns a
Boolean value
true if successfully moved to the next row
false if there are no more rows

A while loop can be used to move through all

the rows of a newly created ResultSet
while (result.next())
{
// Process the current row.
}
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Getting Columns in a ResultSet Object

You use one of the ResultSet objects get methods to
retrieve the contents of a specific column in the current row.
Can pass an argument for either the column number or the
column name
System.out.println(result.getString(1));
System.out.println(result.getString(1));
System.out.println(result.getString(1));
System.out.println(result.getString("Description"));
System.out.println(result.getString("ProdNum"));
System.out.println(result.getDouble("Price"));

Examples:

ShowCoffeeDescriptions.java
ShowDescriptionsAndPrices.java

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Getting Columns in a ResultSet Object

ResultSet Method

Description

double getDouble(int
colNumber)
double getDouble(String
colName)

Returns the double that is stored in the

column specified by colNumber or
colName. The column must hold data that is
compatible with the double data type in Java.
If an error occurs, the method throws an
SQLException.

int getInt(int colNumber)

int getInt(String colName)

Returns the int that is stored in the column

specified by colNumber or colName. The
column must hold data that is compatible with
the int data type in Java. If an error occurs,
the method throws an SQLException.

String getString(int
colNumber)
String getString(String
colName)

Returns the string that is stored in the column

specified by colNumber or colName. The
column must hold data that is compatible with
the String type in Java. If an error occurs, the
method throws an SQLException.

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Specifying Search Criteria with the

WHERE clause

The WHERE clause can be used with the SELECT statement to specify a
search criteria
SELECT Columns FROM Table WHERE Criteria
Criteria is a conditional expression
Example:
SELECT * FROM Coffee WHERE Price > 12.00

Only the rows that meet the search criteria are returned in the result set
A result set is an object that contains the results of an SQL statement

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SQL Relational Operators

Standard SQL supports the following relational operators:
Operator
>
<
>=
<=
=
<>

Meaning
Greater than
Less than
Greater than or equal to
Less than or equal to
Equal to
Not equal to

Notice a few SQL relational operators are different than in Java

SQL equal to operator is =
Example: CoffeeMinPrice.java
SQL not equal to operator is <>
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String Comparisons in SQL

Example 1:
SELECT * FROM Coffee WHERE Description = 'French Roast Dark'

In SQL, strings are enclosed in single quotes

Warning!
SELECT * FROM Coffee WHERE Description = 'french roast dark'

String comparisons in SQL are case sensitive

Example 2:
SELECT * FROM Coffee
WHERE UPPER(Description) = 'FRENCH ROAST DARK'

The UPPER() or LOWER() functions convert the string to uppercase or

lowercase and can help prevent case sensitive errors when comparing strings
Example 3:
SELECT * FROM Coffee WHERE Description ='Joe''s Special Blend'

If a single quote (') is part of a string, use two single quotes ('')
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Using the LIKE Operator

In SQL, the LIKE operator can be used to search for a substring

Example 1:
SELECT * FROM Coffee WHERE Description LIKE '%Decaf%'

The % symbol is used as a wildcard for multiple characters

Example 2:
SELECT * FROM Coffee WHERE ProdNum LIKE '2_-00_'

The underscore (_) is a used as a wildcard for a single character

Example 3:
SELECT * FROM Coffee
WHERE Description NOT LIKE '%Decaf%'

The NOT operator is used to disqualify the search criteria

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Using AND and OR

The AND and OR operators can be used to specify multiple
search criteria in a WHERE clause
Example 1:
SELECT * FROM Coffee
WHERE Price > 10.00 AND Price < 14.00

The AND operator requires that both search criteria be true

Example 2:
SELECT * FROM Coffee
WHERE Description LIKE '%Dark%' OR ProdNum LIKE
'16%'

The OR operator requires that either search criteria be true

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Sorting the Results of a SELECT Query

Use the ORDER BY clause to sort results according to
a column value
Example 1:
SELECT * FROM Coffee ORDER BY Price

Sorted in ascending order (ASC) by default

Example 2:
SELECT * FROM Coffee
WHERE Price > 9.95 ORDER BY Price DESC

Use the DESC operator to sort results in descending order

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Mathematical Functions
Example: CoffeeMath.java

The AVG function

calculates the average value in a particular column

SELECT AVG(Price) FROM Coffee

The SUM function

calculates the sum of a columns values

SELECT SUM(Price) FROM Coffee

The MIN and MAX functions

calculate the minimum and maximum values found in a column

SELECT MIN(Price) FROM Coffee
SELECT MAX(Price) FROM Coffee

The COUNT function

can be used to determine the number of rows in a table

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Coffee

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Inserting Rows
In SQL, the INSERT statement inserts a row into a table
INSERT INTO TableName VALUES (Value1, Value2, ...)
TableName is the name of the database table
Value1, Value2, ... is a list of column values

Example:
INSERT INTO Coffee
VALUES ('Honduran Dark', '22-001', 8.65)

Strings are enclosed in single quotes

Values appear in the same order as the columns in the table

Inserts a new row with the following column values:

Description: Honduran Dark
ProdNum: 22-001
Price: 8.65
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Inserting Rows
If column order is uncertain, the following general format can be used
INSERT INTO TableName
(ColumnName1, ColumnName2, ...)
VALUES
(Value1, Value2, ...)
ColumnName1, ColumnName2, ... is a list of column names
Value1, Value2, ... is a list of corresponding column values

Example:

INSERT INTO Coffee

(ProdNum, Price, Description)
VALUES
('22-001', 8.65, 'Honduran
Dark')
Keep in mind that primary key values must be unique
For example, a duplicate ProdNum is not allowed in the Coffee table

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Inserting Rows with JDBC

To issue an INSERT statement, you must get a reference to a
Statement object

The Statement object has an executeUpdate method

Accepts a string containing the SQL INSERT statement as an argument
Returns an int value for the number of rows inserted
Example:
String sqlStatement = "INSERT INTO Coffee " +
"(ProdNum, Price, Description)" +
" VALUES " +
"('22-001', 8.65, 'Honduran Dark')";
int rows = stmt.executeUpdate(sqlStatement);

rows should contain the value 1, indicating that one row was inserted

Example: CoffeeInserter.java
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Updating an Existing Row

In SQL, the UPDATE statement changes the contents of an
existing row in a table
UPDATE Table
SET Column = Value
WHERE Criteria

Table is a table name

Column is a column name
Value is the value to store in the column
Criteria is a conditional expression

Example:

UPDATE Coffee
SET Price = 9.95
WHERE Description = 'Galapagos Organic Medium'

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Updating More Than One Row

It is possible to update more than one row
Example:
UPDATE Coffee
SET Price = 12.95
WHERE ProdNum LIKE '21%'

Updates the price of all rows where the product number begins with 21

Warning!
UPDATE Coffee
SET Price = 4.95

Because this statement does not have a WHERE clause, it will change the
price for every row
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Updating Rows with JDBC

To issue an UPDATE statement, you must get a reference to a
Statement object

The Statement object has an executeUpdate method

Accepts a string containing the SQL UPDATE statement as an argument
Returns an int value for the number of rows affected
Example:
String sqlStatement = "UPDATE Coffee " +
"SET Price = 9.95" +
" WHERE " +
"Description = 'Brazilian Decaf'";
int rows = stmt.executeUpdate(sqlStatement);

rows indicates the number of rows that were changed

Example: CoffeePriceUpdater.java
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Deleting Rows with the DELETE

Statement

In SQL, the DELETE statement deletes one or more rows in a table

DELETE FROM Table WHERE Criteria
Table is the table name
Criteria is a conditional expression

Example 1:
DELETE FROM Coffee WHERE ProdNum = '20-001'

Deletes a single row in the Coffee table where the product number is 20-001

Example 2:
DELETE FROM Coffee WHERE Description LIKE 'Sumatra%'

Deletes all rows in the Coffee table where the description begins with Sumatra

Warning!
DELETE FROM Coffee

Because this statement does not have a WHERE clause, it will delete every row in
the Coffee table
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Deleting Rows with JDBC

To issue a DELETE statement, you must get a reference to a
Statement object

The Statement object has an executeUpdate method

Accepts a string containing the SQL DELETE statement as an argument
Returns an int value for the number of rows that were deleted
Example:
String sqlStatement = "DELETE FROM Coffee " +
"WHERE ProdNum = '20-001'";
int rows = stmt.executeUpdate(sqlStatement);

rows indicates the number of rows that were deleted

Example: CoffeeDeleter.java
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Creating Tables with the CREATE TABLE

Statement

In SQL, the CREATE TABLE statement adds a new table to the database

CREATE TABLE TableName

(ColumnName1 DataType1,
ColumnName2 DataType2, ...)

TableName is the name of the table

ColumnName1 is the name of the first column
DataType1 is the SQL data type for the first column
ColumnName2 is the name of the second column
DataType2 is the SQL data type for the second column

Example:
CREATE TABLE Customer
( Name CHAR(25), Address CHAR(25),
City CHAR(12), State CHAR(2), Zip CHAR(5) )

Creates a new table named Customer with the columns Name, Address, City,
State, and Zip
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Creating Tables with the CREATE TABLE

Statement
The PRIMARY KEY qualifier is used to specify a column as the
primary key
The NOT NULL qualifier is used to specify that the column
must contain a value for every row
Qualifiers should be listed after the columns data type

Example: CreateCustomerTable.java
CREATE TABLE Customer
( CustomerNumber CHAR(10) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
Name CHAR(25), Address CHAR(25),
City CHAR(12), State CHAR(2), Zip CHAR(5) )
Creates a new table named Customer with the columns CustomerNumber,
which is the primary key, Name, Address, City, State, and Zip
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Removing a Table with the DROP TABLE

Statement
In SQL, the DROP TABLE statement deletes an existing table
from the database
DROP TABLE TableName
TableName is the name of the table you wish to delete

Example:
DROP TABLE Customer
Deletes the Customer table from the CoffeeDB database
Useful if you make a mistake creating a table
Simply delete the table and recreate
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Creating a New Database with Java DB

The ;create=true attribute creates a new database when
appended to the database URL
"jdbc:derby:EntertainmentDB;create=true"

Creates an empty database named EntertainmentDB

The CREATE TABLE statement can be used to create tables
Java DB creates a folder with the name of the database on your system
Delete the database folder to delete the database

Example: BuildEntertainmentDB.java

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Scrollable Result Sets

By default, a ResultSet object is created with a read-only
concurrency level and the cursor is limited to forward movement
A scrollable result set can be created with the overloaded version the
Connection objects createStatement method
conn.createStatement(type, concur);
type is a constant for the scrolling type
concur is a constant for the concurrency level
Example:

Statement stmt =
conn.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE,
ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);

Creates a scrollable result set that is read-only and insensitive to database

changes
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The ResultSet Scrolling Types

ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY
Default scrolling type
Cursor moves forward only

ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE
Cursor moves both forward and backward
Changes made to the database do not appear

ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE
Cursor moves both forward and backward
Changes made to the database appear as soon as they are made
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The ResultSet Concurrency Levels

ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY
Default concurrency level
Read-only version of data from the database
Cannot change database by altering result set

ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATEABLE
Result set is updateable
Changes can be made to the result set and saved to the database
Uses methods that allow changes to be made to the database
without issuing SQL statements

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ResultSetNavigation Methods
first()
Moves the cursor to the first row

last()
Moves the cursor to the last row

next()
Moves the cursor to the next row

previous()
Moves the cursor to the previous row

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ResultSet Navigation Methods

relative(rows)
Moves the cursor the number specified by the rows
argument relative to the current row
A positive rows value will move the cursor forward
A negative rows value will move the cursor backward

absolute(rows)
Moves the cursor to the row number specified by the rows
argument
A rows value of 1 will move the cursor to the first row
A rows value of 2 will move cursor to the second row
And so on until the last row
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Determining the Number of Rows in a

Result Set
ResultSet navigation methods can be used to
determine the number of rows in a result set

Example:
resultSet.last()
// Move to the last row
int numRows = resultSet.getRow(); // Get the current row number
resultSet.first();
// Move back to the first row

Move cursor to last row

Get the last rows number and store the value
Move back to the first row

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Result Set Metadata

Metadata refers to data that describes other data
A ResultSet object has metadata that describes a
result set
Can be used to determine many things about a result set

Number of columns
Column names
Column data types
And much more

Useful for submitting SQL queries in applications

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Result Set Metadata

ResultSetMetaData is an interface in the
java.sql package
The getMetaData method of a ResultSet object
returns a reference to a ResultSetMetaData
object.
Example: MetaDataDemo.java
ResultSetMetaData meta = resultSet.getMetaData();

Creates a ResultSetMetaData object reference variable

named meta
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A Few ResultSetMetaData Methods

Method

Description

int getColumnCount()

Returns the number of columns in the result set.

String getColumnName(int col)

Returns the name of the column specified by the

integer col. The first column is column 1.

String getColumnTypeName(int col)

Returns the name of the data type of the column

specified by the integer col. The first column is
column 1. The data type name returned is the
database-specific SQL data type.

int getColumnDisplaySize(int col)

Returns the display width, in characters, of the

column specified by the integer col. The first
column is column 1.

String getTableName(int col)

Returns the name of the table associated with the

column specified by the integer col. The first
column is column 1.

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The JTableClass
The JTable class is a Swing component that displays
data in a two-dimensional table
Jtable(Object[][] rowData, Object[] colNames)

rowData is a two-dimensional array of objects

Contains data that will be displayed in the table
Each row becomes a row of data in the table
Each column becomes a column of data in the table
JTable calls toString method of each object to get values

colNames is a one-dimensional array of objects

Contains the column names to display
JTable calls toString method of each object to get value
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Setting Up a Simple JTable Component

Example:
String[] colNames = {"Name", "Telephone" };
String[][] rowData = {{ "Jean", "555-2222"
{ "Tim",
"555-1212"
{ "Matt", "555-9999"
{ "Rose", "555-4545"
{ "Geri", "555-5214"
{ "Shawn", "555-7821"
{ "Renee", "555-9640"
{ "Joe",
"555-8657"

},
},
},
},
},
},
},
} };

JTable myTable = new JTable(rowData, colNames);

JScrollPane scrollPane = new JScrollPane(JTable);

The figure shows an example of how the table appears in a frame

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Displaying Query Results in a JTable

This window
appears first
The user enters a
SELECT statement
and clicks the
Submit button

This window
appears next
It displays the
results in a Jtable
component

Example: TableFormatter.java, CoffeeDBQuery.java,

CoffeeDBViewer.java
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Relational Data
A foreign key is a column in one table that references a primary
key in another table
Creates a relationship between the tables
Example:
UnpaidOrder table:
CustomerNumber
ProdNum
OrderDate
Quantity
Cost

CHAR(10)
CHAR(10)
CHAR(10)
DOUBLE
DOUBLE

Foreign Key
Foreign Key

The CustomerNumber column references the Customer table

The ProdNum column references the Coffee table
This creates a relationship between the tables of the CoffeeDB database
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Creating the UnpaidOrder Table

The following SQL statement creates the UnpaidOrder table in the

CoffeeDB database:
CREATE TABLE UnpaidOrder
( CustomerNumber CHAR(10) NOT NULL
REFERENCES Customer(CustomerNumber),
ProdNum CHAR(10) NOT NULL
REFERENCES Coffee(ProdNum),
OrderDate CHAR(10),
Quantity DOUBLE,
Cost DOUBLE )

The REFERENCES qualifier ensures referential integrity between tables

The CustomerNumber in the UnpaidOrder table must contain a valid
CustomerNumber from the Customer table
The ProdNum in the UnpaidOrder table must contain a valid ProdNum from
the Coffee table

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Entity Relationship Diagrams

An entity relationship diagram shows the relationships between tables

Primary keys are denoted with (PK)

Lines drawn between tables show how they are related
The ends of each line show either a 1 or an infinity symbol ()
The infinity symbol means many and number 1 means one.
A one to many relationship means that for each row in table A there can be many rows
in table B that reference it.
A many to one relationship means that many rows in table A can reference a single row
in table B.

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CoffeeDB Relationships Left to Right

One to many relationship between Customer and UnpaidOrder

One row in the Customer table may be referenced by many rows in the
UnpaidOrder table
Many to one relationship between the UnpaidOrder and Coffee tables
Many rows in the UnpaidOrder table may reference a single row in
the Coffee table.

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CoffeeDB Relationships Right to Left

One to many relationship between Coffee and UnpaidOrder

One row in the Coffee table may be referenced by many rows in the
UnpaidOrder table
Many to one relationship between UnpaidOrder and Customer
Many rows in the UnpaidOrder table may reference a single row in
the Customer table.

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Joining Data from Multiple Tables

In SQL, you must use qualified column names in a SELECT statement if the tables
have columns with the same name
A qualified column name takes the following form:
Example:

TableName.ColumnName

SELECT
Customer.CustomerNumber, Customer.Name,
UnpaidOrder.OrderDate, UnpaidOrder.Cost,
Coffee.Description
FROM
Customer, UnpaidOrder, Coffee
WHERE
UnpaidOrder.CustomerNumber = Customer.CustomerNumber
AND
UnpaidOrder.ProdNum = Coffee.ProdNum

The search criteria tell the DBMS how to link the rows in the tables
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An Order Entry System

The Place Order application uses a relational database (CoffeeDB)

Requires the Coffee, Customer, and UnpaidOrder tables

Example: CoffeeDBManager.java, CustomerPanel.java,

CoffeePanel.java, QtyDatePanel.java,
PlaceOrder.java

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Transactions

An operation that requires multiple database updates is known as a

transaction.
For a transaction to be complete
All of the steps involved in the transaction must be performed.
If any single step within a transaction fails
None of the steps in the transaction should be performed.
When you write transaction-processing code, there are two concepts you
must understand:
Commit
Rollback
The term commit refers to making a permanent change to a database
The term rollback refers to undoing changes to a database

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JDBC Auto Commit Mode

By default, the JDBC Connection class operates in auto
commit mode.
In auto commit mode
All updates that are made to the database are made
permanent as soon as they are executed.
When auto commit mode is turned off
Changes do not become permanent until a commit command
is executed
A rollback command can be used to undo changes

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JDBC Transaction Methods

To turn auto commit mode off
Call the Connection class's setAutoCommit method
Pass the argument false
conn.setAutoCommit(false);

To execute a commit command

Call the Connection class's commit method
conn.commit();

To execute a rollback command

Call the Connection class's rollback method
conn.rollback();

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JDBC Transaction Example

The commit
method is called in
the try block

conn.setAutoCommit(false);
// Attempt the transaction
try
{
// Update the inventory records.
stmt.executeUpdate(updateStatement);
// Add the order to the UnpaidOrder table.
stmt.executeUpdate(insertStatement);
// Commit all these updates.
conn.commit();
}
catch (SQLException ex)
{
// Roll back the changes.
conn.rollback();
The rollback
}
method is called in

the catch block

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Stored Procedures
Many commercial database systems allow you to create SQL statements and
store them in the DBMS itself
These SQL statements are called stored procedures
Can be executed by other applications using the DBMS
Ideal for SQL statements that are used often in a variety of applications
Usually execute faster than SQL statements that are submitted from
applications outside the DBMS
Each DBMS has its own syntax for creating a stored procedure in SQL
To execute a stored procedure, you must create a CallableStatement
object
CallableStatement is an interface in the java.sql package
To create a CallableStatement object, you call the Connection
class's prepareCall statement
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