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Lampbrush Chromosomes Overview

This document discusses the organization and structure of genetic material in chromosomes across different organisms. It begins by comparing viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic chromosomes in terms of their nucleic acid composition, strand number, shape, and complexity. Specific viral and bacterial examples are then outlined. The document continues by describing the compaction mechanisms of supercoiling in chromosomes. It concludes by examining specialized chromosome types like polytene and lampbrush chromosomes, which are unusually large and distinct, as well as the organization of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.

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PaulAnthonyB.Pinca
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129 views20 pages

Lampbrush Chromosomes Overview

This document discusses the organization and structure of genetic material in chromosomes across different organisms. It begins by comparing viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic chromosomes in terms of their nucleic acid composition, strand number, shape, and complexity. Specific viral and bacterial examples are then outlined. The document continues by describing the compaction mechanisms of supercoiling in chromosomes. It concludes by examining specialized chromosome types like polytene and lampbrush chromosomes, which are unusually large and distinct, as well as the organization of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.

Uploaded by

PaulAnthonyB.Pinca
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHROMOSOME

STRUCTURE
AND
DNA
SEQUENCE
ORGANIZATION

HOW THE GENETIC


MATERIAL WAS
ORGANIZED AS IT
MAKES UP THE
GENOME?

Survey of chromosomes in virus and bacteria


Polytene and lampbrush chromosomes
= FERNANDO, Ciara Mae

Organization of eukaryotic chromosomes at


molecular level
= DIAZ, Suzenne

BACTERIA VS. VIRUS VS. EUKARYOTE


CHARACTER

BACTERIA

VIRUS

EUKARYOTE

DNA or RNA

DNA

Either

DNA

Single or
Double
Stranded

Double

Either

Double

Circular or
Linear

Circular

Either

Linear

Complexity

Less

Less

More

cProtein

HU and H1

None

Histone

VIRAL CHROMOSOMES
> DNA or RNA
>Single or Double Stranded

Circular (Closed
Loops) or Linear <

Bacteriophage = linear doublestranded DNA -> Infection -> circular


Bacteriophage T2 =
Linear double
stranded (no circling)

X174
bacteriophage =
single-stranded
DNA, circular

Polyoma Virus =
doublestranded DNA

BACTERIAL CHROMOSOMES

With HU and HI proteins similar to histones but


do not compact DNA

Escherichia coli large


circular chromosome,
DNA, Double stranded

Haemophilus inluenzae
DNA, Double stranded

GENETIC MATERIAL OF
REPRESENTATIVE VIRUSES AND
BACTERIA
NUCLEIC ACID
ORGANISM
VIRUSES

BACTERIA

TYPE

SS or DS LENGTH

Over-all size

X174
bacteriophage

DNA

SS

2.0
micro

0.025 x 0.025
micro

Tobacco
mosaic virus

RNA

SS

3.3
micro

0.30 x 0.02
micro

Bacteriophage

DNA

DS

17.0
micro

0.07 x 0.07
micro

Bacteriophage
T2

DNA

DS

52.0
micro

0.07 x 0.10
micro

Escherichia
coli

DNA

DS

832
micro

1.00 x 0.30
micro

Haemophilus
inluenzae

DNA

DS

1200
micro

2.00 x 0.5
micro

SUPERCOILING FOR COMPACTION

1)Polyoma Virus by
Jerome Vinigrad
2)E. coli
Topoisomerase I
and II

MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION AND


GENE PRODUCTS OF
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

mtDNA Double stranded, closed circle


without chromosomal protein
Ciliated protozoans = single stranded
16,000-18,000 bp

ORGANISM
Varying Length
Animals
(Including
humans)
Yeast
(Saccharmoyces
cerevisiae)

BASE
PAIR
(bp)
16,000
18,000
75

Plant
(e.g. 367
Arabidopsis
thaliana)

(x) Introns, gene repetition and intergenic


spacer
Replication dependent on enzymes encoded
by nuclear DNA
H strand and L strand

MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION AND


GENE PRODUCTS OF
CHLOROPLAST DNA

cpDNA Uniform in size (100-225 kb)


Circular and double stranded; (x)
chromosomal protein
w/ Introns

SPECIALIZED CHROMOSOMES

Polytene and lampbrush large


unusual

Lampbrush

Polytene

POLYTENE CHROMOSOMES

Nuclei of interphase cells (Somatic cell)


Various tissue in larvae of flies, protozoans
and plants
First discovered by E.G. Balbiani
200-600 micrometers long
Linear series of alternating bands and
interbands
Chromomeres lateral condensation of
material along the axis of a chromosome

Unusual characteristics:
1) Paired Homologs
2) Large size and distinctiveness
) Puff visible manifestation of gene activity
(holds localized uncoiling)

LAMPBRUSH CHROMOSOMES

Resembles brushes to clean kerosene-lamp


chimney
1st discovered in shark oocyte Meotic
chromosomes

Prophase I (synapsed pair but extends length)


15 to 20 micrometers 500-800
micrometers
Chromomeres Lateral loop
Appearance
Adjacent loops Along one
More DNA than is needed

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