Top-Down Network Design
Chapter Six
Designing Models for Addressing and Naming
Copyright 2004 Cisco Press & Priscilla Oppenheimer
Guidelines for Addressing and
Naming
Use a structured model
Assign addresses and names hierarchically
Decide in advance if you will use
Central or distributed authority for addressing
and naming
Public or private addressing
Static or dynamic addressing and naming
Advantages of Structured Models
for Addressing & Naming
It makes it easier to
Read network maps
Operate network management software
Recognize devices in protocol analyzer traces
Meet goals for usability
Design filters on firewalls and routers
Implement route summarization
Public IP Addresses
Managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA)
Users are assigned IP addresses by Internet
service providers (ISPs).
ISPs obtain allocations of IP addresses from
their appropriate Regional Internet Registry
(RIR)
Regional Internet Registries
(RIR)
APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre)
Asia/Pacific Region
ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers)
North America and Sub-Sahara Africa
LACNIC (Regional Latin-American and Caribbean IP
Address Registry)
Latin America and some Caribbean Islands
RIPE NCC (Rseaux IP Europens) Europe, the
Middle East, Central Asia, and African countries
located north of the equator
Private Addressing
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
Criteria for Using Static Vs.
Dynamic Addressing
The number of end systems
The likelihood of needing to renumber
The need for high availability
Security requirements
The importance of tracking addresses
Whether end systems need additional
information
(DHCP can provide more than just an address)
The Two Parts of an IP Address
32 Bits
Prefix
Prefix Length
Host
Prefix Length
An IP address is accompanied by an
indication of the prefix length
Subnet mask
/Length
Examples
192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
192.168.10.1/24
Subnet Mask
32 bits long
Specifies which part of an IP address is the network/subnet
field and which part is the host field
The network/subnet portion of the mask is all 1s in binary.
The host portion of the mask is all 0s in binary.
Convert the binary expression back to dotted-decimal notation for
entering into configurations.
Alternative
Use slash notation (for example /24)
Specifies the number of 1s
Subnet Mask Example
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
What is this in slash notation?
What is this in dotted-decimal notation?
Another Subnet Mask Example
11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
What is this in slash notation?
What is this in dotted-decimal notation?
One More Subnet Mask Example
11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000
What is this in slash notation?
What is this in dotted-decimal notation?
Designing Networks with
Subnets
Determining subnet size
Computing subnet mask
Computing IP addresses
Addresses to Avoid When
Subnetting
A node address of all ones (broadcast)
A node address of all zeros (network)
A subnet address of all ones (all subnets)
A subnet address of all zeros (confusing)
Cisco IOS configuration permits a subnet
address of all zeros with the ip subnet-zero
command
Practice
Network is 172.16.0.0
You want to divide the network into subnets.
You will allow 600 nodes per subnet.
What subnet mask should you use?
What is the address of the first node on the
first subnet?
What address would this node use to send to
all devices on its subnet?
More Practice
Network is 172.16.0.0
You have eight LANs, each of which will be its
own subnet.
What subnet mask should you use?
What is the address of the first node on the first
subnet?
What address would this node use to send to all
devices on its subnet?
One More
Network is 192.168.55.0
You want to divide the network into subnets.
You will have approximately 25 nodes per subnet.
What subnet mask should you use?
What is the address of the last node on the last
subnet?
What address would this node use to send to all
devices on its subnet?
IP Address Classes
Classes are now considered obsolete
But you have to learn them because
Everyone in the industry still talks about them!
You may run into a device whose configuration
is affected by the classful system
Classful IP Addressing
Class
First
Few Bits
First Byte
Prefix
Length
Intent
A
B
C
D
E
0
10
110
1110
1111
1-126*
128-191
192-223
224-239
240-255
8
16
24
NA
NA
Very large networks
Large networks
Small networks
IP multicast
Experimental
*Addresses starting with 127 are reserved for IP traffic local to a host.
Division of the Classful Address
Space
Class
Prefix
Length
Number of Addresses
per Network
A
B
C
8
16
24
224-2 = 16,777,214
216-2 = 65,534
28-2 = 254
Classful IP is Wasteful
Class A uses 50% of address space
Class B uses 25% of address space
Class C uses 12.5% of address space
Class D and E use 12.5% of address space
Classless Addressing
Prefix/host boundary can be anywhere
Less wasteful
Supports route summarization
Also known as
Aggregation
Supernetting
Classless routing
Classless inter-domain routing (CIDR)
Prefix routing
Supernetting
172.16.0.0
172.17.0.0
172.18.0.0
Branch-Office Router
172.19.0.0
Branch-Office Networks
Move prefix boundary to the left
Branch office advertises 172.16.0.0/14
Enterprise Core
Network
172.16.0.0/14 Summarization
Second Octet in Decimal
in Binary
Second Octet
16
00010000
17
00010001
18
00010010
19
00010011
Discontiguous Subnets
Area 0
Network
192.168.49.0
Router A
Area 1
Subnets 10.108.16.0 10.108.31.0
Router B
Area 2
Subnets 10.108.32.0 10.108.47.0
A Mobile Host
Router A
Router B
Subnets 10.108.16.0 10.108.31.0
Host 10.108.16.1
IPv6 Aggregatable Global
Unicast Address Format
3
13
FP
TLA
ID
24
16
64 bits
RES
NLA
ID
SLA
ID
Interface ID
Public topology
Site
Topology
FP Format Prefix (001)
TLA ID
Top-Level Aggregation Identifier
RES Reserved for future use
NLA ID
Next-Level Aggregation Identifier
SLA ID
Site-Level Aggregation Identifier
Interface ID Interface Identifier
Upgrading to IPv6
Dual stack
Tunneling
Translation
Guidelines for Assigning Names
Names should be
Short
Meaningful
Unambiguous
Distinct
Case insensitive
Avoid names with unusual characters
Hyphens, underscores, asterisks, and so on
Domain Name System (DNS)
Maps names to IP addresses
Supports hierarchical naming
example: frodo.rivendell.middle-earth.com
A DNS server has a database of resource records (RRs)
that maps names to addresses in the servers zone of
authority
Client queries server
Uses UDP port 53 for name queries and replies
Uses TCP port 53 for zone transfers
DNS Details
Client/server model
Client is configured with the IP address of a
DNS server
Manually or DHCP can provide the address
DNS resolver software on the client
machine sends a query to the DNS server.
Client may ask for recursive lookup.
DNS Recursion
A DNS server may offer recursion, which allows the server
to ask other servers
Each server is configured with the IP address of one or more root
DNS servers.
When a DNS server receives a response from another
server, it replies to the resolver client software. The server
also caches the information for future requests.
The network administrator of the authoritative DNS server for a
name defines the length of time that a non-authoritative server
may cache information.
Summary
Use a systematic, structured, top-down
approach to addressing and naming
Assign addresses in a hierarchical fashion
Distribute authority for addressing and
naming where appropriate
IPv6 looms in our future
Review Questions
Why is it important to use a structured model
for addressing and naming?
When is it appropriate to use IP private
addressing versus public addressing?
When is it appropriate to use static versus
dynamic addressing?
What are some approaches to upgrading to
IPv6?
