Cytophysiology Revised 2014
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Julienne Sanchez-SalazarCytophysiology Revised 2014
Uploaded by
Julienne Sanchez-SalazarCYTOPHYSIOLOGY
CYTOPHYSIOLOGY***
DR. LEONARDO A. TORRES, FPSECP, FPSP,
FPSA, RBA-ABI
---------------------------CELL DYNAMICS-------------------
DYNAMICS OF LIFE
CELL: NUTRITION
02 + CH0 ------- ENERGY
METABOLISM
END PRODUCTS --- FLUIDS
REPRODUCTION
REPLENISH
ECF-ICF: INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
MILLIEU
ICF = 2/3
ECF = 1/3
K / Mg / PO4
Na / Cl / HC03
75-100 TRILLION CELLS - HUMAN
ORGANIZATION AND CONTROL
HOMEOSTASIS - CONSTANT
ECF TRANSPORT AND MIXING - BLOOD
NUTRIENTS
RESPIRATORY 02 + BLOOD
GIT - ABSORPTION
LIVER METABOLISM
MUSCLES-BONES LOCOMOTION
EXCRETION
C02 - LUNGS
H20/ IONS KIDNEYS BLOOD VOLUME (BP)
REGULATION
NERVOUS ANS,CNS,S-M
HORMONAL
REPRODUCTION - NEW SPECIES
PROTECTION IMMUNE SYSTEM AND SKIN (INTEGUMENT)
HOMEOSTASIS
CONTROL SYSTEMS
02-C02 : 02-HGB BUFFER
C02 (RC)
ARTERIAL BP : BR (STRETCH) / VMC
FEEDBACK ENDOCRINE / C02 ( - )
FEMALE GONADAL ( + ) VICIOUS C.
AMPLIFICATION - GAIN IN CONTROL
OSCILLATION - UNSTABLE
BP / B. GLUCOSE / RESPIRATION /
OVARIAN CYCLE (CYCLIC)
FEED-FORWARD MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
- ADAPTIVE CONTROL (DELAYED FB)
CONTROL SYSTEMS
70-85% H20 - TRANSPORT
ELECTROLYTES - ENZYMATIC CATALYZED
PROTEINS - 10-20% (DNA-GENES / RNA
CHROMOSOMES)
LIPIDS - 2% - PHOSPHOLIPIDS/
CHOLESTEROL / TRIGLYCERIDES
CARBOHYDRATES 1% - GLYCOGEN
O2 / CO2 = 40 [Link]
Cl = 108
Na
= 142 mmol/L. HCO3 = 28
K
= 4.2 mmol/[Link] =85
Ca
= 1.2 mmol/L. pH / T
ECF NORMAL CONSTITUENTS
CELL MEMBRANE LIPID BILAYER
PHOSPHO. + CHOLESTEROL
GLYCOPROTEINS / GLYCOLIPIDS
INTEGRAL P.: CARRIER / RECEPTORS
/CHANNELS - Na-K-ATPase
ENZYMES- GLOBULAR (PERIPHERAL)
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE - RNA-PERMEABLE
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - manufacture
GRANULAR - RIBOSOMES
AGRANULAR LIPIDS / ENZYMES
GOLGI COMPLEX SECRETORY VESICLES
LYSOSOMES
CELL FUNCTIONS (CYTOPHYSIO.)
CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES COLLOIDAL
MITOCHONDRIA POWERHOUSE
SELF-REPLICATIVE
OXIDATIVE ENZYMES - NUTRIENTS
ATP HIGH-ENERGY
LYSOSOMES - IC DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
- HYDROLASE
SECRETORY VESICLES - STORAGE
MICROFILAMENTS ELASTIC SUPPORT
MICROTUBULES FLAGELLUM. CILIA,
CENTRIOLES, MITOTIC
SPINDLES CYTOSKELETON
PEROXISOMES (ULTRAM.) - OXIDASE / CATALASE
CYTOPHYSIOLOGY
NUCLEOUS
- CONTROL CENTER
LARGE DNA (GENES) REPRODUCTION
- TRANSCRIPTION
SMALL RNA (NUCLEOLI) - RIBOSOMES
- TRANSLATION
- PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
NUCLEOUS PROTEIN S.
CELLULAR FUNCTIONS
1. INGESTION - ENDOCYTOSIS /
PHAGOCYTOSIS
- EXOCYTOSIS / EMIEOCYTOSIS
2. DIGESTION - LYSOSOMES (HYDRO.)
3. EXTRACTION OF ENERGY MITOCHON.
4. SYNTHESIS OF CELL STRUCTURES
ER-GC
5. MOVEMENT CONTRACTION
/AMOEBOID/ CILIARY
6. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND REPRODUCTION
DNA-RNA
7. TRANSPORT - CELL MEMBRANE
SUMMARY OF F. S. OF CELL
CELL LOCOMOTION:
CONTRACTION - MUSCLES
AMOEBOID - WBC (MACROPHAGES)
CHEMOTAXIS - Ca++
CILIARY - RESPIRATORY / GENITAL ([Link])
EXTRACTION OF ENERGY: KREBS
02 + NUTRIENTS = ATP = ENERGY
USES OF ATP:
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
SYNTHESIS OF CHEMICALS
MECHANICAL WORK (LOCOMOTION)
summary of uses of ATP
SYNTHESIS OF CELL STRUCTURES:
ER GRANULAR- RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS
SMOOTH- LIPIDS ( P + C )
-GLYCOGEN BREAKDOWN / SYNTHESIS
-DETOXIFICATION
GC - SIALIC ACID, FRUCTOSE,
GALACTOSE, HYALURONIC A. +
CHONDROITIN S04
- C.T. GROUND SUBSTANCE
- BONE ORGANIC MATRIX
- MUCUS PROTEOGLYCANS
SYNTHESIS OF C. STRUCTURES
DIGESTION: LYSOSOMES
HYDROLASE ENZYMES
TISSUE REGRESSION
AUTOLYSIS (REMOVED DAMAGED)
BACTERICIDAL (LYSOZYME)
STORED ENZYMES PREVENT
ACCUMULATION
PASSAGE OF SUBSTANCES:
DIFFUSION - GRADIENT
ACTIVE TRANSPORT CARRIER
ENDOCYTOSIS PHAGOCYTOSIS / PINOCYTOSIS
EXOCYTOSIS / EMIEOCYTOSIS
- REQUIRES ATP
- Ca++ PRESENCE
- MICROFILAMENTS CONTRACTILE MOVEMENT
TRANSPORT FUNCTIONS
TRANSPORT PROCESSES
1. DIFFUSION - KINETIC MOTION
SIMPLE PASSIVE, NO CARRIER,
DOWNHILL
FACILITATED PASSIVE, DOWNHILL,
MORE RAPID, CARRIER-MEDIATED
EX.: GALACTOSE
2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
PRIMARY UPHILL, ACTIVE ATP,
CARRIER-MEDIATED (STEREOSPECIFIC,
SATURATED,COMPETITIVE)
EX.: Na-K-ATPase, Ca-ATPase, H-K-ATPase
SECONDARY COUPLED, Na GRADIENT INDIRECT ENERGY,
CARRIER-MEDIATED, UPHILL
CO-TRANSPORT (SYMPORT) - Na-GLUCOSE (S.I.) / Na-K-2Cl (ALH)
COUNTERTRANSPORT ( ANTIPORT) - Na-Ca / Na-H EXCHANGE
UNIPORT - SINGLE SUBSTANCE
BULK FLOW - STREAMING MOTION IN UNISON ( OP AND HP)
TRANSPORT PROCESSES
PERMEABILITY INCREASED:
Increased OIL/H20 Partition Coefficient
Decreased SIZE / RADIUS of Solute
Decreased MEMBRANE THICKNESS
OSMOLARITY:
ISOSMOTIC SAME
HYPEROSMOTIC - HIGHER
HYPOOSMOTIC - LOWER
0s (osm/L) = g (osm/mol) x C (mol/L)
PERMEABILITY FUNCTIONS
OSMOSIS - SEMIPERMEABLE - OP
VANT HOFFS LAW OP Increased /
Solute Conc. Increased
ISOTONIC - SAME OP
HYPERTONIC - HIGHER OP
HYPOTONIC - LOWER OP
COLLOID OP (ONCOTIC P.) PLASMA
PROTEINS
SERUM ALBUMIN LARGE SOLUTE
UREA - SMALL SOLUTE
FILTRATION - HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
NORMAL PRESSURES
(HP)
CHANNELS:
VOLTAGE-GATED:
Na+
LIGAND-GATED:
Ach
G-PROTEIN COUPLED - MUSCARINIC
LIGAND-GATED - NICOTINIC
EXTERNAL LIGAND NEUROTRANSMITTERS
INTERNAL LIGAND - Ca++, cAMP, cGMP
IP3
CHANNEL RECEPTORS
DNA
(NUCLEOUS) RNA (CYTOPLASM)
TRANSCRIPTION
RNA - DNA TEMPLATE
DNA STRAND RNA (ACT. Nucleotides)
RNA messenger
- ribosomal
- transfer (20 types )
- micro-RNA
TRANSLATION S. of POLYPEPTIDES ON
RIBOSOMES IN mRNA
GENETIC CONTROL ( BIO .)
CELL
REPRODUCTIONDNA REPLICATION
DNA STRANDS REPAIR and PROOFREAD
DNA HELIX CHROMOSOMES replicated
CELL REPRODUCTION MITOSIS
CENTRIOLES INITIATOR
SPINDLE FIBERS
PHASES: PROPHASE
METAPHASE equatorial p.
ANAPHASE 46 daughter
TELOPHASE -2 sets separated
DNA-GENETIC SYSTEM
