PERFORATING
Secondary Explosives Data
Explosive
Density
gms/cc
Detonating
Velocity
( Ft/Sec.)
Detonating
Pressure
( M Psi)
RDX
Cyclo Tri-methylene
Tri- Nitramine
1.80
28,700
HMX
Cyclo tetramethylene
Tetranitramine
1.90
30,000
5.7
HNS
Hexa Nitro Stilbene
1.74
24,300
3.5
PYX
Bis(picrylamino)-3,5Dinitro pyridine
1.77
24,900
3.7
Shaped Charge
ShapedCharge
Explosive
Booster
Powder
Explosive
Main Load
Explosive powders will
depend on temperature
requirements (RDX, HMX,
HNS, PYX)
Liner DP
Charge
Case
Charge cases can
be made from
steel or zinc
DP Liners are pressed
from Powdered Metal
Bore through charge
case to expose
booster powder to det
cord energy.
Liner BH
BH Liners are pressed from
sheet metal.
ShapedCharge
PressPress
Press
Charge
Case
Explosive
Booster
Powder
Liner is pressed into charge case,
compressing explosive in cavity at
high density.
Liner
Explosive
Main Load
Quickie dot adhered to
hold booster powder in
place
ShapedCharge
The finished shaped charge has
high density explosive in the
cavity behind the liner.
Charge
Case
Explosive
This Booster
area of the shaped
Powder
charge
is VERY
sensitive to impact!!!
Liner
Explosive
Main Load
Booster powder
protrudes past end of
case (dimple)
ShapedChargeDynamics
Charge
Case
Detonating
Cord
Detonator
Liner
Explosive
Main Load
Explosive
Booster
Powder
ShapedCharge
Perforation - Basics
Perforation - Basics
PERFORATING
Total Target Penetration ( TTP )
Area open to Flow( AOF )
Entry Hole Diameter ( EHD )
Phasing
PerforatingCurrent Paradigm
Perforating under balance is the technique of
choice for maximizing productivity.
(initial wellbore pressure < pore pressure)
Over balanced perforating is damaging.
(initial wellbore pressure > pore pressure)
Under Balance Calculation
Behrmann (1995)
a) K > 100 md
p=
1480 phi D0.3
k1/2
b) K < 100 md
p=
630 phi D0.3
k1/3
Where
K = permeability, md
phi = porosity, %
D
= tunnel diameter, in
What is PURE?
The PURE*, Perforating for Ultimate Reservoir
Exploitation, system is a new patented technique by
Schlumberger used to obtain clean perforations.
This system utilizes methods to control down hole
well dynamics and is a combination of perforating
system and completion design.
Background
1970s : Use of under balance (UB) for perforation identified
198090s research
Establishing UB criterion
Rapid fluid influx responsible for perforation cleanup
- Well bore pressure remains constant during perforating
- Static UB effective across entire area
1985
(SPE-14321)
BP Amoco study on 90 wells acidized after perforating
Conclusion -Whenever sufficient UB was achieved, acid
stimulation was not required
Background( Cont)
The belief of 90 s research
Duration of surge flow post UB perforation dominated cleanup
Behrmanns optimal underbalance formula for zero skin
perforations became BIBLE
Dynamic forces ( transient pressure differential & fluid associated
drag) are crucial for perforation cleanup
Little focus on how much pressure UB actually occurred
Post 2001 Experiments.
UB pressure controls clean up
Magnitude depends on rock strength rather than permeability
PURE.
Perforating Objectives
Maximize well productivity or injectivity by
minimizing perforation skin
Eliminate the need for secondary perforation cleanup
methods in low permeability gas and oil wells.
Minimize cement-to-sand face micro annulus
Reduced shock in the wellbore
Perforation Tunnel
Undamaged (K)
Damaged (Kc)
Terminology
K = Permeability of the undamaged reservoir
Kc = Permeability of the crushed zone around
rock
the
perforation tunnel
Kd = Permeability of damaged zone
PR = Productivity ratio = ln(re/rw)/(ln(re/rw + skin)
CFE = Core Flow Efficiency
Ratio of flow through the perforation tunnel vs flow
though a drilled tunnel with the same dimensions and
zero damage
Ideal CFE = 1
Lab Set-up for Single Shot Test
Best Perforation?
All tests at 1000 psi under
balance
Test
1
CFE =
0.70
P = 11.5
Test 2
CFE = 0.69
P = 11.8
Test 3
CFE = 0.61
P = 11.25
Test 4
CFE = 0.21
P = 11.1
Perforation Dynamics
Diferential Pressure,
psi
2000
Initial static under balance =
1000 psi
1000
Test 4
Test 3
-1000
Test 1
Test 2
-2000
0
0.2
0.4
0.
6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Time, sec
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Best Perforation?
Tests shot at 500 psi over balance
Test
7
CFE =
0.92
P = 11.5
Test
8
CFE = 0.24
P = 11.5
Test
9
CFE = 0.41
P = 10.4
Diferential Pressure, psi
Perforation Dynamics
2500
Initial static over balance = 500 psi
1500
Test 9
500
0
Test 8
-500
Test 7
-1500
-1500
-2500
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Time, sec
1.0
Time Sequence of Perforating Events
0 15 microsec. Birth of jet.
15 250 microsec. Creation of cavity in
rock.
3 15 millisec. initial response of wellbore
fluid.
25 100 millisec. Perforation damage
removal.
> 50 millisec. response of reservoir.
PURE Features
Induces a dynamic under balance in the first few 100
milliseconds after shot.
Allows independent control of the post-perforation surge
(flow during seconds after perforating)
Does not require high initial (static) under balance
Can be overbalance when shooting with TCP under a
packer
Reduces dynamic well bore pressure
Reduce shock in the wellbore
Conveyance Wireline, TCP, Coiled Tubing, Slickline
Benefits
Increases productivity or injectivity
maximize perforation cleanup
Effectively treats all the perforated intervals
Increases effective shot density
Cleans up a wide range of permeability in one
interval
Reduces the initial under balance requirements,
saving costs of N2, completion fluids, etc
Minimizes the tendency to sand-in the guns by
controlling the post perforation surge
Can eliminate the need of perforation acid wash
clean-up in gas and oil wells
Candidate Well Selection
Pressures >1200 psi and perm >1 md gas & 10
md oil.
Wells with long perforated intervals.
Water/gas injectors
Where multiple WL gun runs are necessary.
Guns must be shot in liquid.
Well Comparison LPAA LPDC
Well LPAA
Well LPDC
PURE Perforation - Well LPX2
Reservoir pressure ~
5119 psi
PURE Perforation - Well LPX2
Reservoir pressure ~
5119 psi
SPE 71642
Papers & Publications
Laboratory Experiments Provide New Insights into
Underbalanced Perforating
SPE 77364
New Underbalanced Perforating Technique Increases
Completion Efficiency and Eliminates Costly Acid Stimulation
SPE 84910
A Step Change in Perforating Technology Improves
Productivity of Horizontal Wells in the North Sea
SPE 86543
Dynamic under balance perforating eliminates near wellbore
acid stimulation in low-pressure Weber formation
Oilfiled Review Winter 2003/2004
Dynamic Underbalanced Perforating
