Polymer & Process Engineering
Department
University of Engineering & Technology,
Lahore
DISTILLATION
Week-3
Prof. Dr.G.M.Mamoor
05/31/10 Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, U.E.T. Lahore Course: Mass transfer
The Roult’s Law
yi P
γi =
If we rearrange this
equation, we find…
0
xi Pi Which is the same as Raoult’s law,
except for the activity coefficient.
yi P = γ i xi Pi 0 Raoult’s law applies to ideal
solutions, where the activity
coefficient is one.
The acetone water system is not ideal, since the
calculated activity coefficients are not one!!
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 2
The Four most common types of Low
Pressure VLE
Ideal Solution Behavior γ =1
Positive Deviations from Ideal Solution Behavior> 1 γ
<1
Negative Deviations from Ideal Solution Behavior γ
Two-Liquid Phase --Heteroazeotropes
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 3
Phase Equilibria
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 4
VLE
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 5
Equilibrium-Staged
Operation
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 6
Multi-stage Unit
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 7
Different Representation of VLE
Data
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 8
Antoine Equation:
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 9
Different Representation of VLE
Data
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 10
Graphical representation:
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 11
Different Representation of VLE
Data
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 12
Distribution coefficient (K-
value):
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 13
Relative Volatility (αAB)
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 14
Dew Point and Bubble Point
Temperatures
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 15
Bubble Point Temperature Calculation
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 16
Dew Point Temperature Calculation
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 17
An ideal Stage
• Purpose of a separation process:
(1) To increase product purity
• Flash distillation cannot always satisfy this purpose
(single-stage process).
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 18
Ideal stage
Let’s consider for a moment that we need to
purify the most volatile substance in a mixture.
Better separation can be achieved in a two-stage
process as shown below:
T2
T1
T1 > T2
P=constant!
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 19
Purification of the more volatile component only
(Multi-stage process)
T1 > T2>… TN
P=constant!
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 20
Purification of both components (binary
mixture)
Process drawbacks:
Intermediate
products are wasted
Unjustifiably costly
(Too many single-
stage units)
Many heating (or
cooling) steps, i.e.
too many
heat exchangers!
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 21
Purpose of a separation
process
(2) To reduce consumption of the separating
agent
• We avoid wasting intermediate products by
re-introducing them to the process
• Intermediate streams are introduced at the stage
where their composition is similar to that of the feed
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 22
Improvement
T1 > T2>… TN
Improvements:
• Intermediate products are
P=constant circulated
• Significant amounts of
vapour/liquid per stage
• Heat exchangers are not
Note: needed
T’1< T’2<… T’N
The process becomes more economical if
we stack and combine all the units into a
single one
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 23
Distillation Column
Condenser
Reflux
Lower T
Feed
Stripping Section
(below feed)
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 24
