Chapter 2

Vector Calculus
1. Elementary
2. Vector Product
3. Differentiation of Vectors
4. Integration of Vectors
5. Del Operator or Nabla (Symbol )
6. Polar Coordinates
1

Chapter 2

Continued

7.

Line Integral

8.

Volume Integral

9.

Surface Integral

10. Greens Theorem

11. Divergence Theorem (Gauss Theorem)
12. Stokes Theorem
2

2.1 Elementary Vector Analysis

Definition 2.1 (Scalar and vector)
Scalar is a quantity that has magnitude
but not direction.
For instance mass, volume, distance
Vector is a directed quantity, one with
both magnitude and direction.
For instance acceleration, velocity, force
3

We represent a vector as an arrow from the

origin O to a point A.
A
O

O A

or

The length of the arrow is the magnitude of

the vector written as OA or a .
4

2.1.1 Basic Vector System

Unit vectors , ,

Perpendicular to each other

In the positive directions
of the axes
have magnitude (length) 1

Define a basic vector system and form a

right-handed set, i.e

2.1.2 Magnitude of vectors

Let P = (x, y, z). Vector
is defined by
OP p
OP p x i y j z k

[x, y, z]
with magnitude (length)

OP p

x y z
2

2.1.3 Calculation of Vectors

1. Vector Equation

Two vectors are equal if and only if the

corresponding components are equals

Let a a1 i a2 j a3 k and b b1 i b2 j b3 k .
Then
a b a1 b1 , a2 b2 , a3 b3

2. Addition and Subtraction of Vectors

a b (a1 b1 )i (a2 b2 ) j (a3 b3 )k

3. Multiplication of Vectors by Scalars

If is a scalar, then

b (b1 )i (b2 ) j (b3 )k

Example 2.1

Given p 5i j 3k and q 4i 3j 2k . Find

a) p q
b) p q
c) Magnitude of vector p

d) 2q 10p
10

2.2

Vector Products

If a a1 i a2 j a3 k and b b1 i b2 j b3 k ,
~

1) Scalar Product (Dot product)

a b a1b1 a2b2 a3b3

~

or a . b | a || b | cos , is the angle between a and b

~ ~

2) Vector Product (Cross product)

i
j k
~

a b a1 a2
~
~
b1 b2

a3
b3

a2b3 a3b2 i a1b3 a3b1 j a1b2 a2b1 k

~

11

3) Application of Multiplication of Vectors

a) Given 2 vectors
is defined by

compb a

and

a .b
~

b , projection a onto b
a

|b|
~

length (l )

| a .b |
~

|b|

compb a

b) The area of triangle

1
A a b .
2 ~ ~

b
a
12

c) The area of parallelogram

A a xb

d) The volume of tetrahedrone

a1
1
1
V a . b x c b1
6
6
c1

a2
b2
c2

a3
b3
c3

e) The volume of parallelepiped

a1
V a . b x c b1
c1

a2
b2
c2

a3
b3
c3

a b

c
13

Example 2.3
Given a 2 i 3 j k and b i 2 j k ,
~

determine a . b, a b and the angle between a and b .

~

14

2.4 Vector Differential Calculus

Let A be a vector depending on parameter u,

A(u ) a x (u ) i a y (u ) j a z (u ) k
~

The derivative of A(u) is obtained by

differentiating each component separately,

dA

da y
da x
da z

i
j
k
du
du ~ du ~ du ~
~

15

 The nth derivative of vector A(u ) is given by

~

dn A

n
n
n
d
a
d
a
d
az
y
x
~

i
j
k.
n
n ~
n
n ~
du
du
du ~ du

dn A
The magnitude of du

d A
du

~
n

~
n

is

d ay
d ax
d az

n
n
n
du
du
du
n

16

Example 2.4
If A 3u 2 i 2u j 5 k
~

hence
dA
~

du
d2 A
du

~
2

17

Example 2.5
The position of a moving particle at time t is given
by x 4t + 3, y t2 + 3t, z t3 + 5t2. Obtain
The velocity and acceleration of the particle.
The magnitude of both velocity and acceleration
at t 1.

18

Solution
The parameter is t, and the position vector is

r (t ) ( 4t 3) i (t 2 3t ) j (t 3 5t 2 ) k .
~

The velocity is given by

dr
~

dt

4 i ( 2t 3) j (3t 2 10t ) k .
~

is
The acceleration
2

d r
dt

~
2

2 j (6t 10) k .
~

19

 At t 1, the velocity of the particle is

d r (1)
~

dt

4 i ( 2(1) 3) j (3(1) 2 10(1)) k

~

4 i 5 j 13 k .
~

and the magnitude of the velocity is

d r (1)
~

dt

4 2 52 132
210 .
20

 At t 1, the acceleration of the particle is

d 2 r (1)
~

dt

2 j (6(1) 10) k
~

2 j 16 k .
~

and the magnitude of the acceleration is

d 2 r (1)
~

dt 2

2 2 162
2 65.
21

2.4.1 Differentiation of Two Vectors

If both A(u ) and B~ (u ) are vectors, then
~

dA
d
a)
(c A) c ~
du ~
du
dA dB
d
b)
( A B ) ~ ~
du ~ ~
du du
dB dA
d
c)
( A . B ) A . ~ ~ .B
~ du
du ~ ~
du ~
dB dA
d
d)
( A B) A ~ ~ B
~
du ~ ~
du du ~

22

2.4.2 Partial Derivatives of a Vector

If vector A depends on more than one

~
parameter, i.e

A(u1 , u2 , , u n ) a x (u1 , u2 , , un ) i
~

a y (u1 , u2 , , un ) j
~

a z (u1 , u2 , , u n ) k
~

23

Partial derivative of

with
A respect to
~

is given
u by
1

a y
a x
a z

i
j
k,
u1 u1 ~ u1 ~ u1 ~
~

2 A

2a y

az
x
~

i
j
k
u1u2 ~ u1u2 ~ u1u2 ~
e.t.c. u1u2
2

24

Example 2.6
If F 3uv 2 i (2u 2 v) j (u 3 v 2 ) k
~

then
F
~

u
F
~

v
2 F
v

~
2

3v 2 i 4u j 3u 2 k ,
~

6uv i j 2v k ,
~

6u i 2 k ,
~

2 F
u

2 F
~

uv

~
2

4 j 6u k ,
~

2 F
~

vu

6v i

~
25

Exercise 2.1
If F 2u 2 v i (3u v 3 ) j (u 3 3v 2 ) k
~

then
F
~

u
2 F

~
2

u
2
F
uv

F
~

v
2 F

~
2

v
2
F
vu

26

2.5 Vector Integral Calculus

The concept of vector integral is the same as
the integral of real-valued functions except
that the result of vector integral is a vector.

If A(u ) a x (u ) i a y (u ) j a z (u ) k
~

then

A(u ) du a x (u ) du i

a ~

a y (u ) du j a z (u ) du k .
a

27

Example 2.7
If F (3t 2 4t ) i (2t 5) j 4t 3 k ,
~

calculate F dt.
1

Answer

F dt
~

(3t 4t ) dt i (2t 5) dt j 4t 3 dt k
2

[t 3 2t 2 ]13 i [t 2 5t ]13 j [t 4 ]13 k

~

42 i 2 j 80 k .
~

28

Exercise 2.2
If F (t 3 3t ) i 2t 2 j (t 4) k ,
~

calculate

F dt.

0 ~

Answer
1

F dt

0 ~

(t 3t ) dt i 2t dt j (t 4) dt k
3

7
2
7
i j k.
4~ 3 ~ 2 ~

29

2.6 Del Operator Or Nabla (Symbol )

Operator is called vector differential operator,
defined as

i
j k .
x ~ y ~ z ~

30

2.6.1 Grad (Gradient of Scalar Functions)

If x,y,z is a scalar function of three variables
and is differentiable, the gradient of is
defined as

grad
i
j
k.
x ~ y ~ z ~

* is a scalar function
* is a vector function
31

Example 2.8
If x 2 yz 3 xy 2 z 2 , determine grad at P (1,3,2).
Solution
Given x 2 yz 3 xy 2 z 2 , hence

2 xyz 3 y 2 z 2
x

x 2 z 3 2 xyz 2
y

3x 2 yz 2 2 xy 2 z
z

32

Therefore,

i
j
k
x ~ y ~ z ~
(2 xyz 3 y 2 z 2 ) i ( x 2 z 3 2 xyz 2 ) j
~

(3 x 2 yz 2 2 xy 2 z ) k .
~

At P (1,3,2), we have
(2(1)(3)(2) 3 (3) 2 (2) 2 ) i ((1) 2 (2) 3 2(1)(3)(2) 2 ) j
~

(3(1) 2 (3)(2) 2 2(1)(3) 2 (2)) k .

~

84 i 32 j 72 k .
~

33

Exercise 2.3

If x 3 yz xy 2 z 3 ,
determine grad at point P (1,2,3).

34

Solution
Given x 3 yz xy 2 z 3 , then

z
Grad
At P (1,2,3),

126 i 111 j 110 k .

~

35

2.6.1.1 Grad Properties

If A and B are two scalars, then

1) ( A B ) A B
2) ( AB ) A(B ) B(A)

36

2.6.2 Directional Derivative

Directional derivative of in the direction of a is
~

d
a . grad
ds ~
dr
where a ~ ,
~
dr
~

which is a unit vector in the direction of d r .

~

37

Example 2.9
Compute the directional derivative of x 2 z 2 xy 2 yz 2
at the point (1,2,1) in the direction of the vector
A 2i 3 j 4k.
~

38

Solution
Directional derivative of in the direction of

d
a . grad
ds ~

a
~

where grad
i
j
k and a ~ .
~
x ~ y ~ z ~
A
~

Given x 2 z 2 xy 2 yz 2 , hence
(2 xz 2 y 2 ) i (4 xy z 2 ) j ( x 2 2 yz ) k .
~

39

At (1,2,-1),
(2(1)(1) 2(2) 2 ) i (4(1)(2)
~

(1) 2 ) j ((1) 2 2(2)(1)) k .

~

6 i 9 j 3k .
~

Also, given A 2 i 3 j 4 k , then

~

A 2 2 32 (4) 2
~

29 .
40

Therefore, a
~

A
~

2
3
4
i
j
k.
29 ~
29 ~
29 ~

d
Then,
a .
ds ~
3
4
2

i
j
k .(6 i 9 j 3 k )
~
~
~
~
29 ~
29 ~
29
4
2
3

( 6)
(9)
(3)
29
29
29

51

9.470462.
29
41

2.6.3 Unit Normal Vector

Equation (x, y, z) constant is a surface equation.
Since (x, y, z) constant, the derivative of is
zero; i.e.

d d r .grad 0
~

d r grad cos 0
~

cos 0
90.
42

 This shows that when (x, y, z) constant,

grad d r .
~

grad
ds

x
z

Vector grad is called normal vector to the

surface (x, y, z) constant

43

Unit normal vector is denoted by

n
.
~

Example 2.10
Calculate the unit normal vector at (-1,1,1) for 2yz
xz xy 0.
44

Solution
Given 2yz xz xy 0. Thus
( z y ) i ( 2 z x ) j ( 2 y x ) k .
~

At (-1,1,1), (1 1) i (2 1) j (2 1) k
~

2 i j k
~

and 4 1 1 6 .
The unit normal vector is

2 i j k
~

(2 i j k )
6 ~ ~ ~
45

2.6.4 Divergence of a Vector

If A a x i a y j a z k , the divergence of A is
~

defined as
div A . A
~

i
j k .(a x i a y j a z k )
~
~
~
x ~ y ~ z ~
a x a y a z
div A . A

.
~
~
x
y
z
46

Example 2.11
If A x 2 y i xyz j yz 2 k ,
~

determine div A at point (1,2,3).

~

Answer
a x a y a z
div A . A

~
~
x
y
z
2 xy xz 2 yz.
At point (1,2,3),
div A 2(1)(2) (1)(3) 2(2)(3)
~

13.

47

Exercise 2.4
If A x 3 y 2 i xy 2 z j yz 3 k ,
~

determine div A at point (3,2,1).

~

Answer

a x a y a z
div A . A

~
~
x
y
z

At point (3,2,1),
div A
~

114 .

48

Remarks
A is a vector function, but div A is a scalar function.
~

If div A 0, vector A is called solenoid vector.

~

49

2.6.5 Curl of a Vector

If A a x i a y j a z k , the curl of A is defined by
~

curl A A
~

i
j k (a x i a y j a z k )
~
~
~
x ~ y ~ z ~
i

curl A A
~
~
x
ax

j
~

y
ay

k
~

.
z
az
50

Example 2.12

If A ( y 4 x 2 z 2 ) i ( x 2 y 2 ) j x 2 yz k ,
~

determine curl A at (1,3,2).

~

51

Solution

curl A A
~

y4 x2 z2

x2 y2

k
~

z
x 2 yz

2
2
2

( x yz ) ( x y ) i
z
y
~
4

2
2 2

( x yz ) ( y x z ) j
z
x
~
2
4
2
2 2

( x y ) ( y x z ) k
y
x
~
x 2 z i (2 xyz 2 x 2 z ) j (2 x 4 y 3 ) k .
~

52

At (1,3,-2),
curl A (1) 2 (2) i (2(1)(3)(2) 2(1) 2 (2)) j
~

(2(1) 4(3) 3 ) k
~

2 i 8 j 106 k .
~

Exercise 2.5
If A ( xy 3 y 2 z 2 ) i ( x 2 z 2 ) j x 2 yz 2 k ,
~

determine curl A at point (1,2,3).

~

53

Answer
curl A ( x 2 z 2 2 z ) i (2 xyz 2 2 y 2 z ) j
~

(2 x 3 xy 2 2 yz 2 ) k .
~

At (1,2,3), curl A 15 i 12 j 26 k .
~

Remark

A is a vector function and

~

curl A is also a vector function.

~

54

2.7 Polar Coordinates

Polar coordinate is used in calculus to
calculate an area and volume of small
elements in easy way.
Lets look at 3 situations where des Cartes
Coordinate can be rewritten in the form of
Polar coordinate.
55

2.7.1 Polar Coordinate for Plane (r, )

y
ds
d

x r cos
y r sin
dS r dr d

x
56

2.7.2 Polar Coordinate for Cylinder (, , z)

ds

x cos
y sin
zz

dS d dz
dV d d dz

z
dv

x
57

2.7.3 Polar Coordinate for Sphere (r,

z

x r sin cos
r

y r sin sin
z r cos
y

dS r 2 sin d d
x

dV r 2 sin dr d d
58

2.8 Line Integral

Ordinary integral f (x) dx, we integrate along
the x-axis. But for line integral, the integration is
along a curve.

f (s) ds = f (x, y, z) ds

r
~

r d r
~

59

2.8.1 Scalar Field, V Integral

If there exists a scalar field V along a curve C,
then the line integral of V along C is defined by

Vdr
c

where d r dx i dy j dz k .
~

60

Example 2.14

If V xy 2 z and a curve C is given by

x 3u ,
then find

y 2u 2 , z u 3 ,

Vdr
c

along C

from A (0,0,0) to B (3,2,1).

61

Solution
Given V xy 2 z
(3u )(2u 2 ) 2 (u 3 ) 12u 8 .
And, d r dx i dy j dz k
~

3 du i 4u du j 3u 2 du k .
~

At A (0,0,0), 3u 0, 2u 2 0, u 3 0,
u 0.
At B (3,2,1), 3u 3, 2u 2 2, u 3 1,
u 1.

62

u 1

V d r (12u 8 )(3du i 4udu j 3u 2du k )

A

u 0
1

36u du i 48u du j 36u10du k

8

4u

9 1
0

24 10
i
u
~
5

36 11
j
u k
~
11 0 ~

24
36
4i
j
k.
~
5 ~ 11 ~

63

Exercise 2.6
If V x 2 yz 2 and the curve C is given by
x 4u ,

y 3u 3 , z 2u 2 ,

calculate V d r along the curve C

c

from A (0,0,0) to B (4,3,2).

Answer
384
768
A V d r~ 5 i~ 144 ~j 11 k~ .
B

64

2.8.2 Vector Field, F Integral

~

Let a vector field

and

F Fx i Fy j Fz k
~

d r dx i dy j dz k .
~

The scalar product

F . d r is written as
~

F . d r ( Fx i Fy j Fz k ).(dx i dy j dz k )
~

Fx dx Fy dy Fz dz.

65

If a vector field F is along the curve C ,

~

then the line integral of F along the curve C

~

from a point A to another point B is given by

F. d r F
c ~

dx Fy dy Fz dz.
c

66

Example 2.15
Calculate

F . d r from A (0,0,0) to B (4,2,1)

c ~

along the curve x 4t , y 2t 2 , z t 3 if

F x 2 y i xz j 2 yz k .
~

67

Solution
Given F x 2 y i xz j 2 yz k
~

(4t ) 2 (2t 2 ) i (4t )(t 3 ) j 2(2t 2 )(t 3 ) k

~

32t 4 i 4t 4 j 4t 5 k .
~

And d r dx i dy j dz k
~

4 dt i 4t dt j 3t 2 dt k .
~

68

Then
F . d r (32t 4 i 4t 4 j 4t 5 k )(4 dt i 4t dt j 3t 2 dt k )
~

(32t 4 )(4dt ) (4t 4 )(4tdt ) (4t 5 )(3t 2 dt )

128t 4 dt 16t 5 dt 12t 7 dt
(128t 4 16t 5 12t 7 ) dt.
At A (0,0,0), 4t 0, 2t 2 0, t 3 0,
t 0.
and, at B (4,2,1), 4t 4, 2t 2 2, t 3 1,
t 1.

69

t 1

F . d r (128t 16t 12t )dt

A ~

t 0

128 5 8 6 3 8

t t t
3
2
5

128 8 3

5
3 2
23
26 .
30

70

Exercise 2.7
If F xy 2 i yz j 3 x 2 z k ,
~

calculate F . d r
c ~

from A (0,0,0) to B (1,2,3) on the

curve x t , y 2t 2 , z 3t 3 .
Answer

61
F .d r 7
.
~
~
168

71

* Double Integral *
Example 2.16
Given f ( x, y ) 4 y 2 in region R bounded
by a straight line x 0, y x and y 2.
Find f ( x, y ) dA in both order integrals.
R

Answer

f ( x, y ) dA 4 unit 2 .

72

Example 2.17
Using double integral, find the area of a region
bounded by y 5 x 2 and y x 3.
1
2
Answer The area of the region 4 unit .
2

73

Example 2.18
Evaluate a solid which is bounded by
z 16 x 2 y 2 and z 2.
Stated f ( x, y, z ) dV as integral in order dz dy dx.

74

Example 2.19
Describe f ( x, y, z ) dV as integral in order
dz dy dx if S is a solid which is bounded by
z 0, z x, and y 4 2 x.
2

75

2.9 Volume Integral

2.9.1 Scalar Field, F Integral
If V is a closed region and F is a scalar field in
region V, volume integral F of V is

FdV
V

Fdxdydz

76

Example 2.20
Scalar function F 2 x defeated in one cubic that
has been built by planes x 0, x 1, y 0, y = 3,
z 0 and z 2. Evaluate volume integral F of the
cubic.
z
2

77

Solution
2

z 0

y 0

x 0

FdV
V

2 xdxdydz
1

x
2
dydz

z 0 y 0
2 0
2
3
1
2
dydz
z 0 y 0 2
3
1 2
2. [ y ] dz
0
2 z 0
2

2
3
dz

3
[
z
]
0 6

z 0

78

2.9.2 Vector Field, F Integral

~

If V is a closed region and

F, vector field in region

~

V, Volume integral F of V is
~

F dV

V ~

x2

x1

y2

z2

y1

z1

F dzdydx
~

79

Example 2.21
Evaluate

, where V is a region bounded by

F dV

V ~

x 0, y 0, z 0 and 2x y z 2, and also

given

F 2z i y k
~

80

Solution
If x y 0, plane 2x y z 2 intersects z-axis at z 2.
(0,0,2)
If x z 0, plane 2x y z 2 intersects y-axis at y 2.
(0,2,0)
If y z 0, plane 2x y z 2 intersects x-axis at x = 1.
(1,0,0)

81

z
2

2x + y + z = 2

y = 2 (1 x)

We can generate this integral in 3 steps :

1. Line Integral from x

0 to x 1.

2. Surface Integral from line y

0 to line y 2(1x).

3. Volume Integral from surface z 0 to surface

2x y z 2 that is z 2 (1x) y

82

Therefore,

F dV

2 (1 x )

x 0 y 0

V ~

x 0

2 (1 x )

y 0

2 (1 x ) y

z 0

F dzdydx
~

2 (1 x ) y

z 0

( 2 z i y k ) dzdydx
~

2
1
i k
3~ 3~

83

Example 2.22
Evaluate
and

where

F 2 i 2z j y k
F dV

~
~
~
~
V is region bounded by z = 0, z = 4
V ~

and x2 + y2 = 9

z
4

84

Using polar coordinate of cylinder,

x cos ; y sin ; z z ;
dV dddz
where

0 3, 0 2 , 0 z 4

85

Therefore,

F dV ( 2 i 2 z j y k )dxdydz

V ~

z 0

(2 i 2 z j sin k )
~

dddz

72 i 144 j
~

86

Exercise 2.8

Evaluate F dV where F 3 i z j 2 y k and

V

V is region bounded by planes z 0, z 3

and surface x 2 y 2 4.

Answer :18 2 i j
~ ~

87

2.10 Surface Integral

2.10.1 Scalar Field, V Integral
If scalar field V exists on surface S, surface
integral V of S is defined by

Vd S V n dS
S

where

S
n
~
S

88

Example 2.23
Scalar field V x y z defeated on the surface
S : x2 y2 4 between z 0 and z 3 in the
first octant.
Evaluate

Vd S
S

Solution
Given S : x2 y2 4 , so grad S is

S S
S
S
i
j k 2x i 2 y j
~
x ~ y ~ z ~
~

89

Also,

S ( 2 x ) 2 ( 2 y ) 2 2 x 2 y 2 2 4 4
Therefore,

S
n

~
S

2x i 2 y j
~

1
( x i y j)
2 ~
~

Then,

1
S V n~ dS S xyz 2 ( x i~ y ~j )dS

1
( x 2 yz i xy 2 z j )dS
~
2
~

90

Surface S : x2 y2 4 is bounded by z 0 and z 3

that is a cylinder with z-axis as a cylinder axes and
radius, 4 2.
So, we will use polar coordinate of cylinder to find the
surface integral.
z
3

91

Polar Coordinate for Cylinder

x cos 2 cos
y sin 2sin
zz
dS d dz

st
where 0
(1 octant) and 0 z 3
2

92

Using polar coordinate of cylinder,

x yz ( 2 cos ) ( 2 sin ) z 8 z cos sin

2

xy 2 z ( 2 cos )( 2 sin ) 2 ( z ) 8 z sin 2 cos

From

1
2
2
V
n
dS

(
x
yz
i

xy
z j )dS Vd S
S ~

S
~
~
2S
~

93

Therefore,

1 2 3
2
2
Vd
S

(
8
z
cos

sin

8
z
sin
cos j )(2)dzd
S ~ 2 0 z 0
~
~
3

2
0

1 2 2
1 2 2

z
cos

sin

z
sin

cos

j d
2

~ 2
~ 0

2
0

9 2
9 2

cos

sin

sin

cos

j d
2

~ 2
~

8
8

9 2
8 cos2 sin i sin 2 cos j d
~
2 0
~
cos3 sin sin 3 cos
36
i
3( sin ) ~ 3(cos )

~j

2
0

12( i j )
~

94

Exercise 2.9
If V is a scalar field where V xyz 2 , evaluate

V d S for surface S that region bounded by x 2 y 2 9

~

between z 0 and z 2 in the first octant.

Answer : 24( i j )
~

95

2.10.2 Vector Field,

F Integral
~

If vector field F defeated on surface S, surface

~
integral
of S is defined as

F
~

F . d S F . n dS

S ~

S ~

S
where n
~
S

96

Example 2.24
Vector field F y i 2 j k defeated on surface
~

S : x 2 y 2 z 2 9 and bounded by x 0, y 0, z 0 in
the first octant.
Evaluate

F .d S .

S ~

97

Solution
Given S : x 2 y 2 z 2 9 is bounded by x 0, y 0,
z 0 in the 1st octant. This refer to sphere with center
at (0,0,0) and radius, r 3, in the 1st octant.
z
3

3
x

98

So, grad S is
S
S
S
S
i
j
k
x ~ y ~ z ~
2x i 2 y j 2z k ,
~

and
S (2 x ) 2 (2 y ) 2 (2 z ) 2
2 x2 y2 z2
2 9 6.

99

S
n

~
S

2x i 2 y j 2z k
~

1
( x i y j z k ).
~
3 ~
~
Therefore,

F . d S F . n dS

S ~

S ~

1
( y i 2 j k ) (x i y j z k ) dS
~
~
~
~
~
~
3

1
(xy 2 y z ) dS .
3 S

100

Using polar coordinate of sphere,

x r sin cos 3sin cos

y r sin sin 3sin sin
z r cos 3cos
dS r 2 sin d d 9 sin d d

where 0 , .
2

101

1 2 2
F . d S [(3 sin cos )(3 sin sin )
S ~
~
3 0 0
2(3 sin sin ) 3 cos ][9 sin ]d d
9

0 0

[3 sin 3 sin cos

2 sin 2 sin sin cos ]dd

9 1

102

Exercise 2.9
Evaluate F d S on S , where F x i 2 z j y k
S

and S is a surface of the region bounded by

x 2 y 2 z 2 4, x 0, y 0 and z 0 in the 1st octant.

Answer : 8
1
6

103

2.11 Greens Theorem

If c is a closed curve in counter-clockwise on
plane-xy, and given two functions P(x, y) and
Q(x, y),

Q P
S x y dx dy c( P dx Q dy )

where S is the area of c.

104

Example 2.25
Prove Green's Theorem for
2
2
[(
x

y
)dx ( x 2 y )dy ]

which has been evaluated by boundary that defined as

x 0, y 0 and x 2 y 2 4 in the first quarter.
Solution

x2 + y2 = 22

2
C2
C3
O

C1

105

Given

2
2
[(
x

y
)dx ( x 2 y )dy ] where

P x 2 y 2 and Q x 2 y. We defined curve c

as c1 , c2 and c3.
i) For c1 : y 0, dy 0 and 0 x 2
2
2

(
Pdx

Qdy
)

(
x

y
)dx ( x 2 y )dy
c1
c1
2

x 2dx
0

1 3
x
3

8
.
3

106

ii) For c2 : x 2 y 2 4 ,in the first quarter from (2,0) to (0,2).

This curve actually a part of a circle.
Therefore, it's more easier if we integrate by using polar
coordinate of plane,

x 2 cos , y 2sin , 0
2
dx 2sin d , dy 2 cos d .

107

c2

( Pdx Qdy ) ( x 2 y 2 )dx ( x 2 y )dy

c2

[((2 cos ) 2 (2 sin ) 2 )(2 sin d )

0

((2 cos 2(2 sin ))(2 cos d )]

(8 sin 4 cos 2 8 sin cos )d

0

(8 sin 2 2 cos 2 8 sin cos )d

8 cos 2 sin 2 4 sin

8 4 4.

108

iii) For c3 : x 0, dx 0, 0 y 2
2
2

(
Pdx

Qdy
)

(
x

y
)dx ( x 2 y )dy
c3
c3
0

2 y dy
2

2 0

y
2
4.
8
16
( Pdx Qdy ) ( 4) 4 .
c
3
3

109

 Q P
S x y dxdy
Q
P
where
1 and
2 y.
x
y
Again,because this is a part of the circle,

b) Now, we evaluate

we shall integrate by using polar coordinate of plane,

x r cos , y r sin

where 0 r 2, 0
2

and

dxdy dS r dr d .

110

 Q P
S x y dx dy S (1 2 y ) dx dy

0 r 0

(1 2r sin ) r dr d
2

1 2 2 3

r r sin d
0 2
3

16

2
2 sin d
0
3

16

2 cos
3

16
.
3

111

Therefore,
Q P
C ( Pdx Qdy ) S x y dx dy

16
.
3
LHS RHS
Green's Theorem has been proved.

112

2.12 Divergence Theorem (Gauss Theorem)

If S is a closed surface including region V in
vector field F
~

div F dV F . d S .
~

S ~

f x f y f z
div F

~
x
y
z

113

Example 2.26
Prove Gauss' Theorem for vector field,
F x i 2 j z 2 k in the region bounded by
~

planes z 0, z 4, x 0, y 0 and x 2 y 2 4
in the first octant.

114

Solution

z
4

S2
S4

O
S3
x

S5
y

S1

115

For this problem, the region of integration is bounded

by 5 planes :
S1 : z 0
S2 : z 4
S3 : y 0
S4 : x 0
S5 : x 2 y 2 4
To prove Gauss' Theorem, we evaluate both div F dV
V

and

F.d S,

S ~

The answer should be the same.

116

1) We evaluate

div F dV . Given F x i 2 j z 2 k .
~

So,

( x ) (2) ( z 2 )
x
y
z
1 2 z.

div F
~

Also,

div F dV (1 2 z ) dV .
~

The region is a part of the cylinder. So, we integrate by using

polar coordinate of cylinder ,
x = cos ; y sin ; z z
dV d d dz

where 0 2, 0 , 0 z 4.
2

117

Therefore,

(1 2 z ) dV

0 0 z 0

0 0

(1 2 z ) dzd d

[ z z 2 ]04 d d
(20 ) d d

[10 2 ]02 d
(40) d

40 0

20 .
div F dV 20 .
V

118

2) Now, we evaluate
i) S1 :

F . d S F . n dS.

S ~

S ~

z 0, n k , dS rdrd
~

F x i 2 j 0k
~

F . n ( x i 2 j ).( k ) 0
~

F . n dS 0.

S1 ~

119

z 4, n k , dS rdrd

ii) S2 :

F x i 2 j (4) 2 k x i 2 j 16 k
~

F . n ( x i 2 j 16 k ).( k ) 16.
~

Therefore for S2 , 0 r 2, 0
2

F . n dS

S2 ~

0 r 0

16 rdrd

L
16 .

120

y 0, n j, dS dxdz

iii) S3 :

F x i 2 j z2 k
~

F . n ( x i 2 j z 2 k ).( j )
~

2.
Therefore for S3 , 0 x 2, 0 z 4

F . n dS

S3 ~

2
x 0

4
z 0

( 2) dzdx

L
16.

121

x 0, n i , dS dydz

iv) S4 :

F 0 i 2 j z2 k 2 j z2 k
~

F . n (2 j z 2 k ).( i ) 0.
~

F . n dS 0.

S4 ~

122

v) S5 :

x 2 y 2 4, dS d dz
S5 2 x i 2 y j and
~

S 5
n

~
S 5

S5 4

2x i 2 y j
~

1
( x i y j ).
2 ~
~
By using polar coordinate of cylinder :
x cos , y sin , z z

where for S5 :

2, 0 , 0 z 4, dS 2d dz
2

123

1
1

F . n ( x i 2 j z k ). x i y j
~ ~
~
~
~
2 ~ 2 ~
1 2
x y
2
1
( cos )2 ( sin )
2
2 cos2 2 sin ; kerana 2.
2

2(cos2 sin ).

F . n dS

S5 ~

0 z 0

( 2)(cos 2 sin )( 2) d dz

16 4 .

124

Finally,

F.d S F.d S F.d S F.d S F.d S F.d S

S ~

S1 ~

S2 ~

S3 ~

S4 ~

S5 ~

0 16 16 0 16 4
20 .

F . d S 20 .

S ~

LHS RHS
Gauss' Theorem has been proved.

125

2.13 Stokes Theorem

If F is a vector field on an open surface S and
~
boundary of surface S is a closed curve c,
therefore

curl F d S F d r
S

curl F F
~
~
x
fx

c~

y
fy

z
fz

126

Example 2.27
Surface S is the combination of

i) a part of the cylinder x 2 y 2 9 between z 0

and z 4 for y 0.
ii) a half of the circle with radius 3 at z 4, and
iii) plane y 0
If F z i xy j xz k , prove Stokes' Theorem
~

for this case.

127

Solution
z
S3

4
C2

3 C
1

S2
S1

We can divide surface S as

S1 : x 2 y 2 9 for 0 z 4 and y 0
S 2 : z 4, half of the circle with radius 3
S3 : y 0

128

We can also mark the pieces of curve C as

C1 :

Perimeter of a half circle with radius 3.

C2 :

Straight line from (-3,0,0) to (3,0,0).

Let say, we choose to evaluate

Given

curl F d S
S

first.

F z i xy j xz k
~

129

So,

curl F
~
x
z

j
~

y
xy

k
~

z
xz

( xz ) ( xy ) i
( z ) ( xz ) j
z
x
~
y
~ z

( xy ) ( z ) k
y ~
x
(1 z ) j y k
~

130

By integrating each part of the surface,

(i )

For surface S1 : x 2 y 2 9,
S1 2 x i 2 y j
~

and

S1

(2 x ) 2 (2 y ) 2

2 x2 y2 6

131

Then ,

S1
n

~
S1

2x i 2 y j
~

1
( x i y j)
3 ~
~

and

1
1

curl F n (1 z ) j y k x i y j
~ ~
~
~

3 ~ 3 ~
1
y (1 z ).
3

132

By using polar coordinate of cylinder ( because

S1 : x 2 y 2 9 is a part of the cylinder),

x cos , y sin , z z
dS d dz
where

3, 0 dan 0 z 4.

133

Therefore,

1
curl F n y (1 z )
~ ~
3
1
sin 1 z
3
sin (1 z ) ; because 3
Also,

dS 3 d dz

134

S1

curl F d S curl F
n dS
~

S1

z 0

sin (1 z ) d dz
0

3 (1 z ) cos 0 dz
0

3 (1 z )(1 ( 1))dz
0

M
24

135

S2 : z 4
n k.

(ii) For surface

surface is

, normal vector unit to the

By using polar coordinate of plane ,

y r sin , z 4 dan dS r dr d

where 0 r 3 and 0 .

136

curl F n (1 z ) j y k k
~ ~
~
~
~

y r sin

S2

curl F d S curl F
n dS
~

S2

r 0 0

r 0 0

( r sin )( rdrd )
r 2 sin d dr

M
18

137

(iii) For surface S3 : y = 0, normal vector unit

to the surface is n j .
~

dS = dxdz
The integration limits : 3 x 3

and

0 z4

So,

curl F n ((1 z ) j y k ) ( j )
~

z 1

138

Then,

S3

curl F . d S curl F . n dS
~

S3

x 3 z 0

( z 1) dzdx

M
24.

curl F . d S curl F . d S
~

S1

S2

curl F . d S
~

S3

curl F . d S
~

24 18 24
18.

139

Now, we evaluate

F. d r

C ~

for each pieces of the curve C.

i) C1 is a half of the circle.

Therefore, integration for C1 will be more easier if we use
polar coordinate for plane with radius r 3, that is
x 3cos ,

y 3sin

dan

z 0

where 0 .

140

 F z i xy j xz k
~

(3cos )(3sin ) j
~

9sin cos j
~

and

dr dx i dy j dz k
~

3sin d i 3cos d j .
~

141

From here,
F . d r 27sin cos2 d .
~

F . d r 27sin cos d

C1 ~

9 cos
18.
3

142

ii) Curve C2 is a straight line defined as

x t,

y 0 and

z 0, where 3 t 3.

Therefore, F z i xy j xz k
~

0.
~

F . d r 0.

C2 ~

143

F.d r
F.d r
F.d r

C ~

C1 ~

C2 ~

18 0
18.
We already show that

curl F . d S
~

F.d r

C ~

Stokes' Theorem has been proved.

144