Patterns of Heredity and
Human Genetics
When Heredity Follows Different
Rules
Incomplete Dominance
The
phenotype of the
heterozygous is
intermediate between
those of the two
homozygous
individuals.
Neither allele is
completely dominant.
Incomplete dominance
Incomplete Dominance
In
humans, curly hair (HH) is incompletely
dominant to straight hair (HH). The
heterozygous individual has wavy hair (HH).
Cross a person with curly hair with a person who
has wavy hair.
__________
X _________
Codominance
The
phenotypes of both
homozygous individuals
are visible in
heterozygous individuals.
Both alleles are
expressed equally.
EX: Red horse (RR)
crossed with a white
horse (WW) results in
roan (RW)
In
chickens, black feather color (BB) is
codominant to white feather color (WW). Both
feather colors show up in a checkered pattern
in the heterozygous individual (BW). Cross a
checkered chicken with a checkered chicken.
__________X________
Codominance
Codominance in Humans
Sickle cell carriers
Heterozygous
individuals have normal and
sickle shaped cells.
Carry sickle cell trait and can pass on to
offspring.
Multiple Allelic
Traits
controlled
by more than two
alleles
EX:
blood type (A-B-O)
GENOTY
PES
IAIA
IAi
IBIB
IBi
IAIB
ii
RESULTING
PHENOTYPES
Type A
Type A
Type B
Type B
Type AB
Type O
1. A woman with Type O blood and a man who is
Type AB have are expecting a child. What are the
possible blood types of the kid?
So our cross is: ii x IAIB. The proper p-square would look like this:
on to #2 As you can see, our
results are as follows:
50% of kids will be
heterozygous with
blood Type A
50% will be
heterozygous with
blood Type B
2. What are the possible blood types of a child
who's parents are both heterozygous for "B" blood
type?
There is a 75% (3 of 4)
chance that the child
will be Type B,
and a 25% (1 of 4)
chance that the child
will inherit Type O (ii).
Jill is blood Type O. She has two older brothers
(who tease her like crazy) with blood types A &
B. What are the genotypes of her parents with
respect to this trait?
With some careful thinking we don't even need to do the psquare thing. Jill is Type O, meaning her genotype is "ii".
This means that her parents each have at least one "i" in
their genotype (since she inherited one from each parent).
Since one brother is Type B, one of the parents must have
the IB allele, making that parent IBi.
And since the other brother is Type A, the other parent
must have the IA allele & have a genotype of IAi.
There you have it. Jill's parents are IAi & IB , and her
brothers shouldn't be so mean. on to #6
Multiple Alleles in Humans
Blood
type
Importance:
Mixing incompatible blood causes clumping
resulting in death.
Determining parentage
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Traits
controlled by genes located on sex
chromosomes are sex-linked traits.
The alleles for sex-linked traits are written as
superscripts (XRY, XRXr)
Traits carried on Y chromosomes are only
passed from a father to his son.
X-linked traits can be passed to a son or
daughter.
X-linked traits
EXAMPLE: Drosophilia
In males fruit flies, eye color is carried on the X chromosome.
Red eyes (R) is dominant to white (r).
If a male inherits a single recessive allele (r ) he will have
white eyes. If a female inherits a single recessive allele
(r ) she will have red eyes.
Male XrY white eyes
Male XRY red eyes
Female XRXr red
Female XRXR - red
Female XrXr -white
Sex-linked traits in Humans
Red/green color blindness
X-linked disorder.
Cant
differentiate b/w
red and green.
Trouble
identify red
and green traffic lights.
Hemophilia
X-linked disorder
Inability to clot.
Males inherit from carrier
mothers.
Females need two
recessive alleles.
Treated with transfusions,
injecting blood clotting
enzyme.
Polygenic Inheritance
The
inheritance of a trait that is controlled
by two or more genes that may or may not
be on the same gene.
All
heterozygous individuals have an
intermediate phenotype.
Polygenic Inheritance in
Humans
Skin
color
When a light and dark-
skinned person mate,
children are
intermediate color.
Eye
color
Height
stature, hair color, and
body shape
Environmental Influences
The
genetic makeup (GENOTYPE)
determines an organisms potential to
develop and function.
Many
factors can influence how a gene is
expressed.
External influences
Internal Influences
Environmental Influences
External
Internal
Temperature
Hormones
Nutrition
Structural differences
Light
Age
Chemicals
Infectious agents
Human gender differences in facial hair
Pictures and examples are taken
from various websites.
