Created by a disturbance.
Waves carry energy from one
place to another
Waves (Def.) A wave is a
disturbance that transfers energy.
Medium Substance or region
through which a wave is
transmitted.
Speed of Waves Depends on the
properties of the medium.
Water wave. The particles of water oscillate up and
down from the equilibrium position. The wave is
travelling from left to right. P is going down, Q is at the
maximum displacement, and R is going up.
Energy is transferred without transfer of
matter e.g.???????
2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery
Displacement
Wavelength
Period (deduce an expression for the
speed)
Intensity (relation to amplitude A)
Frequency
Phase- Fraction of cycle the particle has
passed through relative to a given
starting point.
Phase difference -is the fraction of a
cycle by which one leads or lags
behind the other.
Path difference- between two waves is
the number of cycles difference there
is in the distance they have to travel.
Sine and Cosine are out of phase by /2
radians.
A ripple tank dipper makes 8 water waves
in a time of 2s. When it is just about to
make the 9th wave, the first wave has
travelled 48 cm from the dipper.
(a) What is the frequency of the waves?
(b) What is the wavelength of the
waves?
(c) What is the wave speed?
Solution
(a) Period of each wave = 2/8 = 0.25 s () f = 1/0.25
= 4 Hz
(b) wavelength = 48/8 = 6 cm
(c) speed v = f = 4 Hz 6 cm = 24 cm/s ()
On the picture below, draw a second wave that is
lagging the first wave by 90o, i.e. its behind the
first wave. Draw another wave that is radians
out of phase. Is it leading or lagging?
Both longitudinal and transverse waves can be represented
by a displacement-distance graph. If we take a snapshot
of a wave at any instant, we see:
Transverse
Longitudinal
Notice that we obtain the same graph.
Cant differentiate by looking!!!
Speed in Vacuum
300,000 km/sec
i.e. 3 x 108 m/s
Speed in Other Materials
Slower in Air, Water, Glass
2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery
Energy is perpendicular to
direction of motion
Moving photon creates electric &
magnetic field
Light has BOTH Electric &
Magnetic fields at right angles!
2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery
Visible Spectrum Light we can
see
Roy G. Biv Acronym for Red,
Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue,
Indigo, & Violet.
Largest to Smallest Wavelength.
Invisible Spectrum
Radio Waves
Def. Longest wavelength
& lowest frequency.
Uses Radio & T.V.
broadcasting.
2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery
2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery
Modulation - variation of amplitude or
frequency when waves are broadcast
AM amplitude modulation
Carries audio for T.V. Broadcasts
Longer wavelength so can bend around hills
FM frequency modulation
Carries video for T.V. Broadcasts
Invisible Spectrum (Cont.)
Infrared Rays
Def Light rays with
longer wavelength than
red light.
Uses: Cooking, Medicine,
T.V. remote controls
Invisible spectrum (cont.).
Ultraviolet rays.
Def. EM waves with
frequencies slightly higher than
visible light
Uses: food processing &
hospitals to kill germs cells
Helps your body use vitamin D.
Invisible Spectrum (Cont.)
X-Rays
Def. - EM waves that are
shorter than UV rays.
Uses: Medicine Bones
absorb x-rays; soft tissue
does not.
Invisible spectrum (cont.)
Gamma rays
Def. Highest frequency EM
waves; Shortest
wavelength. They come
from outer space.
Uses: cancer treatment.
TYPE
GAMMA
USES
TREATING
CANCER/STERILISATI
ON
X-RAYS
DANGERS
MUTATION OF CELLS
MUTATION OF CELLS
MEDICAL
UV
SKIN CANCER
SUN BEDS
VISIBLE
PHOTOGRAPHY
NONE (IF NOT
OVERLY EXPOSED OR
IF YOU STARE AT THE
SUN
INFRA RED
REMOTE CONTROL
/HEAT TRANSFER
SUN BURNS
MICROWAVES
SATELLITES / PHONES VERY FEW
RADIO / TV RAYS
COMMUNICATIONS
VERY FEW
