HEAT TRANSFER
OPERATIONS
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conduction, Convection, Radiation
Dr. Muhammad Rizwan
Assistant Professor
COMSATS
COURSE OUTLINE
Introduction to fundamental concepts and modes of heat transfer.
General heat conduction equation, one dimension steady state conduction
in rectangular coordinates
Convection heat transfer and related laws, Free convection and forced
convection
Heat transfer with phase change (Condensation, boiling, and evaporation)
Heat exchangers Some aspects of process design principles of double pipe
and shell and tube heat exchangers. Related calculations
Radiation heat transfer basic concepts, black and gray body radiation
Problems related to conduction, convection and radiation
REFERENCE TEXT
1.
Coulson & Richardsons. Chemical Engineering Vol.1 6 Ed.,
Butterworth Heinmenn Ltd., 1996.
2.
Cengel Y. A. Heat Transfer A practical approach, 2nd Ed,
McGraw Hill, 1988.
3.
Kern D. Q. Process Heat Transfer Tata McGraw Hill Edition, 1997.
4.
Incropera F. P.; DeWitt D. P. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass transfer
John Wiley & Sons. 2007.
5.
McCabe W. L.; Smith J. C. and Harriett P. Unit Operations of
Chemical Engineering, 6th edition, McGraw Hill, 2001.
INTRODUCTION TO HEAT
TRANSFER:
Heat is a form of energy
Temperature difference is the driving force
The science that deals with the determination of the rates
of such energy transfer due to the temperature difference
is called HEAT TRASFER.
Determining the rates of heat transfer and the variation of temperature is the
subject of heat transfer.
Mechanisms of heat transfer
THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT
TRANSFER:
Thermodynamics analysis simply tells how much heat must
be transferred to realize a specified change of state to satisfy
the conservation of energy principle.
Determining the rates of heat transfer and the variation of
temperature is the subject of heat transfer.
Thermodynamics deals with the equilibrium states and
changes from one equilibrium state to another, whereas heat
transfer deals with systems that lack thermal equilibrium
APPLICATION AREAS OF HEAT
TRANSFER:
Heat transfer is commonly encountered in engineering systems and other
aspects of life.
The optimal insulation thickness in the walls and roofs of the houses, on hot
water or steam pipes is again determined on the basis of a heat transfer
analysis with economic consideration.
ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER:
Heat transfer equipments which are designed primarily on the basis of heat
transfer analysis include:
Heat exchangers
Boilers
Condensers
Radiators
Furnaces
Refrigerators
Solar collectors
Heat transfer problems encountered in practice can be considered in two
groups:
Rating problems
Sizing problems
IMPORTANT TERMS:
Specific heat (Cp)
Heat transfer (Q) and work (W)
Heat Transfer rate
Heat flux
ENERGY TRANSFER:
BASIC MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
All modes require the existence of a temperature difference
CONDUCTION:
Can be in solids, liquids or gases due to a temperature difference
which is a driving force.
Distinct characteristic of conduction is, the molecules or particles of the
medium are not displaced from their original positions.
Possible means of heat energy transfer can be:
Molecular vibrations (General solids and metals)
Drift of free electrons (Metals)
Collisions (Gases)
The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on:
Geometry of the medium
Thickness
The material of the medium
Temperature difference across the medium
FOURIERS LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION
Hence, the rate of heat conduction is proportional to
the temperature difference across the layer and the
heat transfer area, but is inversely proportional to the
thickness of the layer.
Called Fouriers law of heat conduction after J.
Fourier, 1822
Where k is called the thermal conductivity of
material and it tells about the capability of
material to transfer heat.
