ULTRA HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
(TUBE STRUCTURES)
By
J.C.WASON
ULTRA HIGH
RISE
BUILDINGS BY
J.C.WASON
102 STOREYED EMPIRE STATE BLDG, NEW YORK, USA.
What is a Tube
Structure ?
A Tube structure is a 3
dimensional stiff Tube like
structure which acts like a
vertical cantilever, fixed to
base, and is acted upon vertical
forces due to Dead loads and
live loads and Horizontal Forces
due to Earthquake and Wind.
TUBE SYSTEMS
A TUBE STRUCTURE :
(i). IS A STIFF VERTICAL HOLLOW TUBE LIKE
3D STRUCTURE
(ii). ACTS AS A VERTICAL CANTILEVER
FIXED AT BASE
(iii). IS SUBJECTED TO VERTICAL FORCES
DUE TO
DL + LL AND HOR FORCES DUE TO
W=DL+LL
(WIND/EQ)
HOR. LOADS DUE TO WIND /EQ
H
W
TUBE SYSTEMS
A Tube structure is a 3 D space
Tube like stiff vertical cantilever
system fixed at base and
subjected to vertical loads due to
D.L & L.L & Horizontal loads due
to EQ & wind
TUBE SYSTEMS
TUBE STRUCTURES :
Def: A Three dimensional space
structure composed of Stiff rigid
frames, Braced frames, Shear
walls or their combinations
joined together to form a Tube
like structural system capable of
resisting lateral forces in any
direction by cantilevering from
foundations.
TUBE SYSTEMS
A TUBE STRYCTURE CONSISTS OF :
STIFF RIGID FRAMES
BRACED FRAMES
SHEAR WALLS
COMBINATION OF ABOVE ELEMETS
JOINED TOGETHER TO ACT AS A
RIGID VERTICAL TUBE FIXED AT BASE
Tube structures :
Entire Tube structure
participates in
overturning resistance.
Tube structures :
Location of resisting elements
Resisting elements in a Tube structures may be
located
Around internally located service cores.
Around exterior perimeter.
Faade of a building.
Tube Structures are generally
extended from Foundations to Full
height of the building.
Types of Tube
Structures :
Following Types of Tube Structures
are normally adopted :
1.Framed Tubes.
2.Trussed (or Braced) Tubes.
3.
Multiple Tube Systems :
(i). Tube in Tubes
(ii). Bundled Tubes
1. Framed Tubes :
A Framed Tube system has closely
spaced columns and deep spandrel
beams, such that the entire structure
acts like a perforated cantilevered
vertical Tube resisting lateral loads
due to Wind and EQ.
Examples : 40 storeyed De Witt
Apartment Building, USA.
FRAMED TUBE SYSTEMS
CONSIST OF :
CLOSELY SPACED COLUMNS
STIFFENED BY DEEP STIFF
SPANDREL BEAMS
WHOLE STR ACTS LIKE A
PERFORATED VERTICAL TUBE
STIFFENED BY FLOOR SLABS
STRESS IN COLUMN DUE TO
TRUE CANTILEVER
ACTUAL STRESS DUE
TO SHEAR LAG
AXIAL STRESS IN
COLUMN DUE TO
WIND ONLY
CLOSELY SPACED COLS STIFFENED
BY DEEP STIFF SPANDREL BEAMS
ACTUAL
STRESS DUE
TO SHEAR
LAG
THE
CANTILEVER
STRESS
FRAMED TUBE : Consists of closely spaced stiffened
columns.
40 ST DE WITT
APARTMENT BLDG
FRAMED TUBE :
40 storeyed De Witt
Apartment Bldg USA.
Col spacing = 1.7 m
c/c
Stiffened by stiff
beams
DE WITT BLDG
40 STOREYED DE WITT
BLDG, USA FRAMED TUBE
SYSTEM.
TRANSFER GIRDER
(TO PROVIDE FOR
LARGER SPACED
COLUMNS TO
FACILITATE
40 STOREYED DE WITT BLDG, USA : FRAMED TUBE SYSTEM
TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN
2. Trussed (or Braced) Tubes :
Similar to Framed Tube But The exterior
columns are braced with diagonals to
provide additional stiffness which makes
all the columns to act as a rigid Tube.
An efficient system in terms of inherent
lateral strength and rigidity.
Very efficient structural system in the
range of
100 storeyes.
Example : 100 storeyed John Honcock Tower
in Chicago ( 1968 ).
BRACED TUBE SYSTEMS
SIMILAR TO FRAMED TUBES BUT
EXTERNAL COLS STIFFENED BY
DIAGONAL BRACES.
BRACING OF EXTERNAL COLS
INCREASES RIGIDITY OF TUBE
CAN BE ADOPTED FOR BLDGS UPTO
100 STOREYES HEIGHT.
JOHN HANCOCK
TOWER
JOHN HAN COCK
TOWER, CHICAGO,
USA. :
100 STOREYED
BRACED FRAMED
TUBE SYSTEM BLDG.
BRACIN
G TO
STIFFEN
COLUMN
S
100 STOREYED JOHN HANCOCK TOWER BLDG, CHICAGO,
USA BRACED FRAMED TUBE SYSTEM
MULTIPLE TUBE SYSTEMS
MULTIPLE TUBE SYSTEMS
CONSIST OF MULTIPLE TUBES
ACTING TOGETHER TO A VERY
STIFF STRUCURE
MULTIPLE TUBE SYSTEMS
TYPES OF MULTIPLE TUBE
SYSTEMS :
1. TUBE IN TUBE SYSTEMS
2. BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEMS
3. Multiple Tube Systems :
(i). Tube in Tube Systems :
Has external framing Tube acting
together with
Interior Shear Core to increase
stiffness.
TUBE IN TUBE SYSTEMS
(EXAMPLE)
Example : One Shell Plaza Building in
Houston, USA
A 52 Storeyed Bldg with High
Strength lLght Weight Concrete.
The Bldg has Closely Spaced Cols
along the external periphery with
Central Shear Core enclosing
central service core.
COLUMNS AT
CLOSE
INTERNALS TO
PERFORM AS
EXTERNAL
TUBE
DEEP STIFF
BEAMS TO
STIFFEN
CLOSELY
SPACED
COLUMNS
SHEAR WALLS IN
SERVICE CORE
TO PERFORM AS
INTERNAL TUBE
TUBE IN TUBE SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT : A TUBE IN
TUBE SYSTEM HAS AN EXTERNAL TUBE AND AN INTERNAL
TUBE TO PROVIDE STIFFNESS
CORE SHEAR
WALL TUBE
EXTERIOR
FRAMED TUBE
SCEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF TUBE IN TUBE
SYSTEM ISOMETRIC VIEW
24 WIDE X 39 DEEP SPANDREL
AVG. COLUMN 33X26
BEAMS
24 COMPOSITE
TRUSS 2 METAL DECK ,
4 CONCRETE
SHEAR WALLS
STEEL
FLOORS
LINK BEAM 39
DEEP BY 20 WIDE
PERIMETER SHEAR WALL AVG.
THICKNESS 18
FRAMED TUBE
2 4 COMPOSITE TRUSS, 2
METAL DECK 4 INCHES
CONCRETE
FIRST CANADIAN CENTRE, CALGARY, CANADA 64
FIRST CANADIAN
CENTRE, CALGARY,
CANADA
64 STOREYED TUBE IN
TUBE SYSTEM :
FRONT VIEW
Multiple Tube Systems (contd.) :
(ii). Bundled Tube Systems :
Consist of a number of vertical
Tublar elements bundled (fitted)
together and sharing common side
frames.
Bundling increases lateral stiffness
and stability of the building.
Tubes may be terminated along
height at various levels of the
buildings.
BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEMS
CONSIST OF A NO OF TUBES
BUNDLED TOGETHER TO
INCREASE STIFFNES S OF THE
TUBE SYSTEM
TUBES MAY BE TERMINATED
ALONG HEIGHT
110 STOREYED SEARS
TOWERS BUILDING,
CHICAGO, USA.
BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM.
FRONT VIEW
110 STOREYED SEARS TOWERS
BLDG, CHICAGO, USA .
BUNDLED TUBE FRAMING SYSTEM.
ZONE
ZONE 4
ZONE
4
ZONE
3
91 TO 110
67 TO 90
75
ZONE 2
ZONE 1
FLOORS 1 TO 50
MULTIPLE OR
BUNDLED TUBE
ZONE
1
51 TO 66
ZONE 2
110STOREYED SEARS TOWERS BLDG., CHICAGO, USA.
BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM
110
90
66
50
SEARS TOWER, CHICAGO, USA
BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM
PLAN SHAPES
110 STOREYED SEARS TOWERS BLDG,CHICAGO,USA .
ZONE 3
ZONE 4
110 STOREYED SEARS TOERS BLDG , CHICAGO, USA :
FRAMING PLANS AT ZONE 3 AND ZONE 4
STEEL
DECK
LIGHTWEIGHT
CONCRETE SLAB
STEEL COL.
(INT)
1040 mm
STEEL COL.
(EXT.)
STEEL TRUSS 22.9 M SPAN AT 1.6 M
C/C
FALSE
CEILING
22900mm (75-0)
110 STOREYED SEARS TOWERS, CHICAGO, USA FLOOR
SYSTEM : STEEL DECK ROOF- CONC. COMPOSITE FLOOR
SYSTEM (SCHEMATIC)
TUBE SYSTEMS SOME LIVE EXAMPLES :
1. 40 storeyed De Witt Apartment Bldg. USA
:
A Framed Tube Bldg.
2. John Hancock Tower : 100 storeyed
Framed Tube System.
3. World Trade Centre (1972), (Since
collapsed in a terrorists attack) : 110
storeyed, 419 m high Framed Tube
building.
4. Sears Towers(1974) : 110 storeyed, 443 m
high building with Bundled Tube system.
Sears Towers, Chicago, USA (1974) :
Architects : Skidmore Owings & Merill
Struct. Engrs : F.R. KHAN
No of storeyes : 110 + 3 Basements
Ht (from street to roof) : 443 m
Bldg. Use : Office
Frame Material : Structural Steel
Typical Floor Live Load : 2.5 KN/m 2
Basic Wind Speed : 34 m/sec.; 100 yrs
return period.
Max. lateral deflection = H/550
Sears Towers, Chicago (contd.) :
Structural System : Bundled Framed Tube
Foundation Type : 18 m deep cassions
Typical Floor :
storey ht. = 3.92 m
Steel Trusses span = 22.9 m (75 feet).
Steel Trusses depth = 1016 mm (40)
Steel Trusses spacing : 4.6 m (15)
Floor slab : 63 mm thick RCC slab with
light wt conc . On 76 mm steel
trough, (composite
construction).
Co
lumns :
Sears Towers, Chicago (contd.) :
Columns :
Size at ground floor : 990 X 610 mm built up
Steel columns.
Spacing : 4.6 m
Material : Steel grade 350
Total Office Space : 362,000 m 2 in 109 storeyes.
Max. column free space = 22.9m X 22.9m
The structure acts as a Vertical Cantilever
Total qty of structural steel used = 69000 Tonnes.
Bundled Tube System of Sears Towers
Nine square Tubes, each 22.9x22.9 m
in plan, are bundled together to
create the larger overall Tube.
Each Tube consists of cols. At 4.6m
centers connected by stiff beams.
22.9 m square floor areas of each
Tube is framed by one way, 1020 mm
deep flat steel trusses spanning
22.9 m at 4.6 m centers.
Spaces between diagonal truss
members is utilised for passage of
USA(1972) :
(Demolished during terrorist
attack)
No. of storeyes : 110
Ht from street to roof : 411.5m
Bldg use : Office, commercial
Frame material : Steel
Structural system : Framed Tube
with core
columns
for lifts
WORLD
TRADE
CENTRE,
NEW YORK,
USA
110
STOREYED
FRAMED
TUBE
SYSTEM
CORE COLUMNS
110 STOREYED WORLD TRADE CENTRE, NEW YORK, USA
FRAMED TUBE SYSTEM,
CONCRETE
TELEPHONE AND
POWER OUTLETS
FLOOR TILES
CORRUGATED
STEEL SHHETS
TRUSS
COVERING
UTILITY DUCTS:
TELEPHONE AND
POWER
HEATING, VENTILATING AND
AIR CONDITIONING DUCT
WORLD TRADE SYSTEM FLOOR SYSTEM; FLAT STEEL
ROOF TRUSSES WITH RCC SLAB FLOORS WITH
CORROGATED SHEET COVERING
WORLD TRADE CENTRE
(contd).
Truss Span : 10.63 to 18.3 m
Truss spacing : 1.01 m
Truss depth : 815 mm
Column spacing : 1.01 m c/c
Total Floor Area : 418,000 sqm
Total Qty of steel used : 2,00,000 Tonnes
Total Qty of conc. Used : 3,54,000 cum
Total occupancy : 50,000
Total Cost : 650 million dollars
World Trade Centre, New York, USA (contd).
External Tube and Core :
Structural system consists of 240
external wall cols,
Spaced at 1.01 m c/c. tied by 1.34 m
deep beams at each floor to form
Virendeel Truss. Structure forms a
63.5 m square Tube, with internal
columns only at central lift core.
World Trade Centre (Contd).
Each floor had about one Acre
of column free space.
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World Trade Centre, New York, USA (contd).
Floor System :
consists of 100 mm thick RCC slab over steel deck
resting on flat steel trusses, 815 mm deep, and
spanning from 10.63m to 18.3m, and spaced at 1.01
m centres.
Cavity between the trusses is used to accommodate
the A/C ducts and other service pipes.
DAMPERS : 10000 dampers installed to dampen
movements due to wind.
CONCRETE
TELEPHONE AND
POWER OUTLETS
FLOOR TILES
CORRUGATED
STEEL SHHETS
TRUSS
COVERING
UTILITY DUCTS:
TELEPHONE AND
POWER
HEATING, VENTILATING AND
AIR CONDITIONING DUCT
WORLD TRADE SYSTEM FLOOR SYSTEM; FLAT STEEL
ROOF TRUSSES WITH RCC SLAB FLOORS WITH
CORROGATED SHEET COVERING
ULTRA HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
THE DANGER AHEAD
WORLD TRADE
CENTRE BLDG
IN FIRE AFTER
TERRORIST
ATTACK
WORLD TRADE CENTRE IN FIRE AFTER TERRORIST
ATTACK A CLOSER VIEW
WORLD
TRADE
CENTRE IN
FIRE AFTER
TERRORIST
ATTACK A
CLOSER VIEW.
SOME TALL BLDGS OF
FUTURE :
1. MIGLIN BEITLER TOWER, CHICAGO, USA :
141 storeyes, 610 m Height
2. SHIMZU SUPER HIGHRISE BUILDING, TOKYO, :
121 storeyes, 550 m Height.
3. The TOKYO MILLENIUM TOWER : 840 m Height
4. BIONIC TOWER, HONG KONG : 1128m Height,
ULTRA HIGH
RISE
BUILDINGS
IT IS NOT THE
END
THANK YOU
