B_Heat of
Precipitation
1
Heat of Precipitation
The heat of precipitation is the heat change when
one mole of a precipitate is form from their ions in
aqueous solution.
Example
Pb(NO3)2(ak) + K2SO4(ak) PbSO4(p)+ 2KNO3(ak)
= -50kJmol-1
In this reaction, 50kJ of heat is produced when one mole of
lead(II) sulphate is formed
Heat of Precipitation of lead(II) sulphate is -50kJmol-1
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Energy
Heat of Precipitation
Pb2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
H = 50kJmol1
PbSO4(s)
Energy level diagram for the precipitation of
lead(II) sulphate, PbSO4
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Experiment 1: Heat of Precipitation
of Silver Chloride, AgCl
Apparatus:
250 cm3 polystyrene cups, thermometer,
50cm3 measuring cylinders
Materials :
0.5moldm3 silver nitrate, AgNO3 solution
0.5moldm3 sodium chloride, NaCl solution
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Experiment 1: Heat of Precipitation
of Silver Chloride, AgCl
Apparatus Set-up
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Experiment 1: Heat of Precipitation
of Silver Chloride, AgCl
Procedures:
1. Measure 50cm3 of 0.5moldm3 sodium chloride solution using
a measuring cylinder. Pour it into a polystyrene cup.
2. Measure 50cm3 of 0.5moldm3 silver nitrate solution using
another measuring cylinder. Pour it into another polystyrene
cup.
3. Leave both polystyrene cups containing the solutions on a
table for five minutes.
4. Measure and record the initial temperature of both solutions.
5. Pour the silver nitrate solution quickly and carefully into the
polystyrene cup containing the sodium chloride solution.
6. Stir the mixture thoroughly using the thermometer while
observing the change in temperature on the thermometer.
Record the highest temperature of the reacting mixture.
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Experiment 1: Heat of Precipitation
of Silver Chloride, AgCl
Results:
Initial temperature of silver nitrate
solution / C
27.0
Initial temperature of sodium chloride
solution / C
27.0
Highest temperature of the reacting
mixture/ C
30.5
Experiment 1: Heat of Precipitation
of Silver Chloride, AgCl
Inference:
Precipitation of silver chloride, AgCl is an
exothermic reaction.
Discussion:
1. White precipitate formed is silver chloride.
2. Polystyrene cups are used in this experiment
because they are poor conductor of heat. This
helps to reduce heat loss to the surroundings.
Experiment 1: Heat of Precipitation
of Silver Chloride, AgCl
3. Precautions steps to be taken in this
experiment are:
i. The reaction has to be carried out in a
polystyrene cup.
ii. Silver nitrate solution is poured
immediately but very carefully into the
sodium chloride solution.
iii. The mixture is stirred thoroughly with the
thermometer throughout the activity.
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Experiment 1: Heat of Precipitation
of Silver Chloride, AgCl
4. The value of the Heat of Precipitation in
obtained in this experiment is slightly
smaller than the theoretical value because
during the experiment, a small amount of
heat released was lost to the surroundings
through the surface of the solution and
the polystyrene cups.
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Experiment 1: Heat of Precipitation
of Silver Chloride, AgCl
Calculation:
Average initial temperature
(27.0 27.0) C
2
27.0C
The increase in temperature,
(30.5 27.0)C
3.5C
Total Heat Released
mc
(50 50)g 4.2Jg -1 C 1 3.5C
1470J
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Experiment 1: Heat of Precipitation
of Silver Chloride, AgCl
The number of mole for AgNO3
The number of mole for NaCl
MV
1000
0.5 50
1000
0.025mol
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Experiment 1: Heat of Precipitation
of Silver Chloride, AgCl
0.025 mol of precipitation form releases 1470J
1
1 mol of precipitation formed releases
1470J
0.025
58 800J
58.8kJ
Heat of Precipitation of Silver Chloride is - 58.8kJmol
-1
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The Energy Level Diagram
Energy
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)
H = 58.8 kJmol1
AgCl(s)
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Example of numerical problems
involving the Heat of Precipitate
The thermochemical equation for the precipitation of
calcium carbonate is given below:
Ca2+ (aq) + CO32(aq) CaCO3(s) H=12.6kJ mol1
In an experiment, CaCO3 is precipitated when 100cm3 of
1.0moldm-3 calcium chloride solution is added to 100cm3 of
1.0moldm-3 sodium carbonate solution. What is the
temperature change in the reacting mixture?
[specific heat capacity of solution: 4.2 Jg-1C-1. Density of
solution : 1gcm-3]
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Solution:
Number of mole of Ca 2
number of mole of CaCl 2
Number of mole of CO 3 2
number of moles of Na 2 CO 3
MV
1000
1.0 100
1000
0.1mol
1.0 100
1000
0.1mol
Ca 2(aq) CO 3 2 (aq ) CaCO 3 ( s )
1 mol
0.1 mol
1 mol
0.1 mol
1 mol
0.1 mol
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Given that H 12.6kJmol -1
When 1 mol of CaCO 3 formed, the heat absorbed is 12.6kJ
Thus,
When 0.1 mol of CaCO 3 formed, the heat absorbed is
0.1 12.6kJ
1.26kJ
1260J
H mc
1260 200 4.2
1260
C
200 4.2
1.5C
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Practice 4B
1. 25 cm3 of barium chloride 1.0 mol/dm3 solution is added to
25 cm3 sodium sulphate 1.0 mol/dm3 solution in a polystyrene
cup. Results obtained are as follows:
Initial temperature of barium chloride, BaCl2 solution = 28C
Initial temperature of sodium sulphate, Na2SO4 solution = 28C
Maximum temperature of mixture
=
34 C
a) Calculate the heat of precipitation for barium sulphate in
this experiment
b) sketch the energy level diagram.
[specific heat capacity of solution: 4.2 Jg-1C-1. Density of
solution : 1gcm-3, ]
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