Earths Magnetic Field
Electrically charged molten magma flowing around a solid iron core.
The earths field is similar to the field generated around a very large bar magnet as
if it were located at the center of the earth.
The lines of magnetic flux are drawn exiting
from the north end of the bar magnet, looping
around the earth, and entering at the south end
of the magnet.
The north end of the bar magnet points towards
the earths Magnetic South Pole (Antarctic) and the
South end of the bar magnet points towards the
earths Magnetic North Pole (Arctic).
Magnetic Declination
Magnetic Declination: Magnetic north and true
north do not coincide. The divergence between
true north and magnetic north is different for
most points on the earths surface, and in
addition to this the magnetic north pole changes
its position very slightly each year.
The angle in degrees between true and magnetic
north is called the declination angle.
West Declination is always Subtracted and East
Declination is always Added. i.e.,
TRUE NORTH = MAGNETIC NORTH
(DECLINATION)
Earths Magnetic Field
D and
I are
measured
in degrees.
The
angle
between
the
All other
elements
are measured
in nanotesla (nT).
earth's
magnetic
flux lines
1 nTand
= 10-9
theTesla
horizontal at any
point on the earth.
D =The
Tan-1(Y/X)
Magnetic
Declination
range=of
dip angle
is
from 90(at the South
I = Tan-1(Z/H)
Magnetic
Inclination
Magnetic=Pole)
to 0
at
H =equator
(X2 + Y2)1/2
= Horizontalthe
Component
to+90(at
X = North
H CosDMagnetic
= True North
Component
Pole).
Places
Y = on
H SinD
= True
Eastdip
Component
earth
where
angle is
90 are called as Dip Holes.e
F = of
(X2the
+ Y2tool.
+ Z2)1/2 = Total Magnetic Field Intensity
G = Gx+Gy+Gz
On a Directional Well Plan we can find the values of Dip
Angle,Magnetic Declination, Magnetic Field Strength.
Types of Toolface?
Magnetic Toolface(MTF) given by magnetometers and
Gravity Toolface (GTF)given by accelerometers.
Magnetic tool face is more accurate at the low angles as compared
to gravity toolface.
The magnetic readings get affected due to increased drillstring
interference from the horizontal component as the angle
increases.
As per the company policies of directional drilling service
providers, MTF values are obtained up to 5or 8 or less. Above
this angle there's change over to the GTF values.
Mag interference increases with increasing inclinat
Example A:
Hole Angle = 0
Total magnetic field intensity from
drill sting component is 1000 gamma.
Horizontal component of the tools
axis relative to vertical is 90
Total magnetic field at 5 feet equals:
1000/ 5 =40
40*Cosine 90 = 40*0
=0
The horizontal component has no
effect on the magnetic reading
Mag interference increases with increasing inclinat
Example A:
Hole Angle = 0
Total magnetic field intensity from drill
sting component is 1000 gamma.
Horizontal component of the tools axis
relative to vertical is 90
Total magnetic field at 5 feet equals:
1000 / 3.5 = 87
40*Cosine 45 = 57
The horizontal component contributes 57
gamma to the magnetic reading
Gravity Toolface(GTF)
Gravity toolface is the angle b/w the
wellbore high side and the high side
of tool.
The toolface will be referenced to
the highside of the survey
instrument, no matter what the hole
direction of the survey instrument is
at the time.
The toolface will be presented in a
number of degrees either right or
left of the highside.
Magnetic Toolface(MTF)
Magnetic toolface is the angle b/w
the reference north and the high
side of the tool.
The toolface will be presented in
azimuth or quadrant form,
referenced to magnetic north. The
magnetic toolface reading is
whatever magnetic direction the
toolface is pointed.
