Logic Design and
Digital Computer
Circuit
CMSC208
Percival A.
Fernandez
Logic Gates
Inelectronics,
alogic gateis an idealized or physical
device implementing aBoolean function; that is, it
performs alogical operationon one or more logical
inputs, and produces a single logical output. Depending
on the context, the term may refer to anideal logic
gate, one that has for instance zerorise timeand
unlimitedfan-out, or it may refer to a non-ideal physical
device[1](seeIdeal and real op-ampsfor comparison).
Logic gates are primarily implemented usingdiodesor
transistorsacting aselectronic switches, but can also be
constructed usingvacuum tubes, electromagneticrelays(
relay logic),fluidic logic,pneumatic logic,optics,
molecules, or evenmechanicalelements. With
amplification, logic gates can be cascaded in the same
way that Boolean functions can be composed, allowing
the construction of a physical model of all ofBoolean logic
, and therefore, all of the algorithms andmathematicsthat
can be described with Boolean logic.
Logic Gates
Logic
circuits include such devices as
multiplexers,registers,arithmetic logic units
(ALUs), andcomputer memory, all the way
up through completemicroprocessors, which
may contain more than 100 million gates. In
modern practice, most gates are made from
field-effect transistors(FETs), particularly
MOSFETs(metaloxidesemiconductor fieldeffect transistors).
Compound logic gatesAND-OR-Invert(AOI)
and OR-AND-Invert (OAI) are often employed
in circuit design because their construction
using MOSFETs is simpler and more efficient
than the sum of the individual gates.
Basic Gates and Functions
Boolean functions may be practically
implemented by using electronic gates. The
following points are important to understand.
Electronic gates require a power supply.
GateINPUTSare driven by voltages having
two nominal values, e.g. 0V and 5V
representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively.
TheOUTPUTof a gate provides two nominal
values of voltage only, e.g. 0V and 5V
representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively. In
general, there is only one output to a logic
gate except in some special cases.
There is always a time delay between an input
being applied and the output responding.
Truth Tables
Truth
tablesare used to help show the
function of a logic gate.
Understanding
Truth Tables
Truth tables help understand the behaviour of
logic gates.
They show how the input(s) of a logic gate relate
to its output(s).
The gate input(s) are shown in the left column(s)
of the table with all the different possible input
combinations. This is normally done by making
the inputs count up in binary.
The gate output(s) are shown in the right hand
side column.
Truth Tables
Truth Tables
Drawing
Truth Tables for Combined
Gates
Truth tables can also help understand
the behavior of combinations of logic
gates linked together.
They are drawn in the same way as
before but this time adding more
columns in between the input and
output columns.
Each of the new columns show the
outputs of stages in the logic circuit.
Logic Gates
AND
gate
The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives
ahighoutput (1) only ifallits inputs are high.
A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e.
A.B.
Bear in mind that this dot is sometimes
Logic Gates
OR
gate
The OR gate is an electronic circuit that
gives a high output (1) ifone or moreof its
inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show
the OR operation.
Logic Gates
NOT
gate
The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that
produces an inverted version of the input at its
output. It is also known as aninverter. If the
input variable is A, the inverted output is known
as NOT A.
This is also shown as A', or A with a bar over the
top, as shown at the outputs. The diagrams
below show two ways that the NAND logic gate
can be configured to produce a NOT gate. It can
also be done using NOR logic gates in the same
Logic Gates
NAND
gate
This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an
AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The
outputs of all NAND gates are high ifanyof
the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND
gate with a small circle on the output. The
small circle represents inversion.
Logic Gates
NOR
gate
This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an
OR gate followed by a NOT gate. The
outputs of all NOR gates are low ifanyof the
inputs are high.
The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle
on the output. The small circle represents
Logic Gates
EXOR
gate
The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which
will give a high output ifeither, but not
both, of its two inputs are high.
An encircled plus sign () is used to show the
EOR operation.
Logic Gates
EXNOR
gate
The 'Exclusive-NOR'gate circuit does the
opposite to the EOR gate. It will give a low
output ifeither, but not both, of its two
inputs are high.
The symbol is an EXOR gate with a small
circle on the output. The small circle
Logic gate symbols
Logic gates representation using the Truth
table
The End
References:
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/CAL/digital-logic/
gatesfunc/
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organ
ization/logic_gates.htm
