Cement Bond Evaluation
CBL Theory
Internal Use Only
Cementing
Internal Use Only
Objectives of Primary Cementing
Cement
Gas
Zone
Oil
Zone
Principle Function
Shear Bond
Mechanical Support
Hydraulic Bond
Shale
Zone
Water Zone
Casing
Internal Use Only
Isolation
Hydraulic Bond
Cement
Oil
Zone
Zonal Isolation
Prevents
Mixing of reservoir
fluids
Fluids escaping to
surface
Cross flow of fluids
between zones.
Casing Corrosion
Casing
Water Zone
Internal Use Only
Shear Bond
Mechanical Support
Considerations
Hydrostatic Pressure
Formation Pressure
Casing Weight
Completion Pressure
Cementing
Production Enhancement
Formation Fluids
H2S
Internal Use Only
WHAT ARE TYPICAL CAUSES
A POOR CEMENT JOB?
WASHOUTS
POOR CEMENT FLUID DESIGN
CASING DECENTRALIZATION
POOR MUDCAKE REMOVAL
GAS INFLUX
WATER INFLUX
POOR MUD PROPERTIES
Internal Use Only
Acoustic Tools
Internal Use Only
Standard Cement Bond Tools
Cement Bond Log (Dual Receiver)
GO 3.25 Standard
GO 3.25 Modular
Probe 2.75 & 1 11/16
CSS
Tekco
Segmented Bond Log (RCBL)
CSS
Tekco
Probe
Internal Use Only
Advanced Cement Bond Tools
Multi-Transducer Ultrasonic
Eight Stationary Transducers
Azimuthal Cement-to-Pipe Bond
Casing Inspection
Casing Internal Diameter
Casing Thickness
Single Rotating Ultrasonic Transducer
Cement and Casing Inspection
Extensive Horizontal Coverage
36, 72, or 100 Measurements Per Depth
Internal Use Only
Sound to Signal
Magnetostrictive transducer
A high current is passed through a coil surrounding a magnetic material
introducing a strain and causes a ticking sound (Joule effect)
L / L
Piezoelectric transducer
Polarized ceramic crystals in the sonde produce voltage when
exposed to strain (Villari effect)
strain
Unstraine
d crystal
voltage
Internal Use Only
Piezoelectric Transmitter
Picture courtesy of Probe Technology Services, Inc
Internal Use Only
Standard Piezoelectric Receiver
Picture courtesy of Probe Technology Services, Inc
Internal Use Only
Radial Piezoelectric Receiver.
Picture courtesy of Probe Technology Services, Inc
Internal Use Only
Principle Of Operation
Tool has a transducer
(Piezoelectric/Magnetostrictive) which acts like a
Transmitter. Transmitter converts electrical energy
in to mechanical (Sound) pulses.
Mechanical energy created by each transmitter
pulse generates a laterally omni directional
pressure wave that radiates outward in all
directions through the borehole fluid. The omni
directional nature of this fluid pressure wave is
characteristic of a monopole transmitter.
Sound waves travel through
Borehole Fluid
Casing (Generally Fastest)
Cement
Formation
Body Of Tool
Internal Use Only
CBL Theory
Sound waves emitted by the
transmitter are refracted along the
casing, out in to the cement and
formation and return to the
receivers on the bond tool.
Internal Use Only
CBL Theory
Mechanical Properties
Of Acoustic Waves
Internal Use Only
Important Sonic Waves For Cement
Evaluation
Three principle waves
Compressional Waves (P-waves)
Shear Waves (S-waves)
Stonely waves
Each waveform has unique properties and will
interact with the elements in the borehole
independently.
Internal Use Only
Compressional Waves
Compressional waves are created as the fluid
pressure wave traveling through the borehole
impinges upon the borehole wall, causing
deformation of the casing, rock and its pore fluids on
a molecular level. As molecules of the rock and fluid
are deformed, compressional energy causes them to
vibrate in a direction parallel to the direction of energy
propagation. This energy is re-radiated into the
borehole as compressional waves travel through the
formation, and the resulting fluid pressure wave in the
borehole can then be detected at a receiver.
Compressional waves are the fastest body wave and,
therefore, the first to arrive at any receiver. For this
reason they are often referred to as P-Waves
(primary). Compressional waves have the ability of
traveling through liquids as well as solids.
Internal Use Only
Compressional Wave P-Waves
The only mechanism of acoustic energy transportation
that will propagate in gases, liquids and solids.
Direction Of
Propagation
Direction Of
Particle
Displacement
Compression
Rarefaction
Compression
Rarefaction
Internal Use Only
Schematic of molecular
deformation caused by a
compressional wave.
Internal Use Only
Shear Waves
Like compressional waves, shear waves are also created as
the fluid pressure wave impinges upon the borehole wall, but
the resulting molecular deformation occurs only within the
rock and not the pore fluids. Fluids do not support shear
deformation. As molecules of the rock are deformed, shear
energy causes them to vibrate in a direction perpendicular to
the direction of energy propagation. Shear energy traveling
through the formation is re-radiated into the borehole, and the
resulting fluid pressure wave can then be detected at a
receiver.
Internal Use Only
Shear Wave S-Waves
Common mechanism of energy transport for ridged
bodies and for surfaces
Direction Of
Propagation
Direction Of
Particle
Displacement
Internal Use Only
Schematic of molecular deformation caused by a
shear wave
This wave also undergoes a reflection and refraction
process like compressional waves and experiences
critical angle of refraction
Internal Use Only
Stonely Waves
Stonely waves are generated along the borehole wall by the
flexing of the wall caused by interaction of the formation and
the borehole fluid.
In consolidated formations, this implulse is often erroneously
identified as the fluid arrival. The actual fluid arrival is of such
low amplitude that in most cases it cannot be identified.
Internal Use Only
Stonely Wave Propagation
Casing/Borehole diameter expands and contracts
Borehole
Steel
Cement
Internal Use Only
CBL Theory
Acoustic Propagation
Internal Use Only
Acoustic Propagation
Propagation is defined as the movement of a wave
through a medium
Medium is defined as an intervening substance
through which a force acts or an effect is produced.
Internal Use Only
Acoustic Propagation
When the incident fluid pressure wave traveling through the
borehole impinges upon the borehole wall (Casing),
compressional waves are either reflected back into the
borehole or refracted into the formation. The angle through
which acoustic energy is redirected is a function of the
incident angle of the fluid pressure wave at the borehole wall,
its velocity through the borehole fluid, and the velocity of the
compressional wave through the formation.
Compressional energy is either reflected or refracted at the
borehole wall.
Internal Use Only
Pressure waves are refracted and reflected
according to Snells Law:
Snell's law mathematically defines the relationship
between angles of incidence and refraction for a wave
impinging on an interface between two media with
different indices of refraction.
v1/sin1 = v2/sin2
V1 and V2 are compressional
wave speeds in mediums 1 and
2
1 and 2 are the incident and
refracted angles
Internal Use Only
Snells Law
Refraction is defined as the change of direction of a
ray of light, sound, heat, or the like, in passing
obliquely from one medium into another in which its
wave velocity is different.
Reflection is defined as the return of light, heat, sound,
etc., after striking a surface.
Internal Use Only
Propagation Acoustic Energy
Acoustic impedance (Z) defined
as:
Z=.v
Z1
Z2
Water
: density of material
Steel
V: velocity of sound on that
The amount of sound
material
Sound
transmitted between two
different materials depends on
1. If Z1/Z2 is high ==> low their acoustic impedance
difference.
transmittance
This presumes that
Cement
2. If Z1/Z2 is low ==> high
transmittance
Internal Use Only
the materials are
coupled
Velocity
To determine the velocity of any acoustic wave, that wave
must be detected by at least two receivers. The time elapsed
(or travel time) from transmitter pulse to an acoustic wave
arriving at a receiver depends upon its velocity through the
medium or media between the transmitter and receiver. The
greater the velocity, the shorter the travel time, and vice
versa.
The first arrival of any acoustic wave is the earliest time at
which it is detected at a receiver. Each wave type generated
by a transmitter pulse travels at a different velocity.
Accordingly, each wave type will arrive at different times at
multiple receivers spaced some distance apart
Internal Use Only
Propagation of the Acoustic Energy
distance
Velocity =
time
Slowness
1
time
Slowness = t =
T Casing
= 57
sec/ft
T Cement
= 75 sec/ft
T Formation 100 sec/ft
T Fluid
189 sec/ft
=
velocity
Slowness:
distance The time required for sound
to travel one foot through a specific
medium.
Internal Use Only
TRANSIT TIMES FOR
DIFFERENT MATERIALS
Internal Use Only
CBL Theory
Pipe Bond
Internal Use Only
According to Snells Law at some incident angle compressional
energy is critically refracted along the borehole wall and at a
very shallow depth within the formation. Because this path
represents the path of minimum travel time between
transmitter and receiver, the first compressional wave to
arrive at any receiver is one that has been critically refracted.
Internal Use Only
Pipe Bond
Cement Evaluation first begins with evaluating the condition
of the cement bond to the casing.
The sound waves traveling through the different paths will be
affected differently according to the presence or absence of
cement sheath behind the casing.
The cement sheath provides acoustic coupling between the
casing and the formation.
Internal Use Only
Pipe Amplitude Signal
Acoustic Signal
Amplitud
e
T0
Time
s
|--- Resulting Sound--|
- T0 :
Firing Pulse
- Resulting Sound wave : as recorded at
the Receivers
Internal Use Only
Basic CBL Principle
Similar to a
Ringing Bell
No
No
Cement
Cement
When
Fluid
is
behind
Casing, pipe is free to
vibrate. [ loud sound ]
When the casing is
bonded to hard cement,
casing vibrations are
Good
Good
Bond
Bond
attenuated proportionally
to the bonded surface
Internal Use Only
Attenuation
Definition: The progressive reduction in amplitude of a signal
as it travels farther from the point of origin.
Amplitude (Loudness) decreases as we move further away
from a sound source.
Internal Use Only
Pipe Amplitude
Pipe Amplitude Definition
Tx
Amplitude of First Arrival in mV
Measured at 3 ft Receiver
It is a function of the CasingCement Bond
3 ft
R3
R5
Travel Time Definition
Time elapsed from T0 to first
arrival (above threshold level)
T T is used as Log Quality Control
Indicator.
Internal Use Only
Pipe Signal
No
No
Good
Good
Cement
Cement
Bond
Bond
HIGH signal strength => Signal is not attenuated into the
cement and formation.
LOW signal strength => attenuated energy[ cement is
present]
Internal Use Only
Pipe Amplitude
The log value for Pipe Amplitude is the sum of
energy from all of the waves returning to the tool.
Centralization is critical to tool function.
Internal Use Only
CBL Theory
Formation Bond
Internal Use Only
MICROSEISMOGRAM
Cement
sheath
TO SEE DEEP IN THE FORMATION
THROUGH THE CEMENT WE NEED
ANOTHER RECEIVER WHICH IS
SPACED AT A GREATER DISTANCE
FROM THE TRANSMITTER.
3 FT
5 FT
FORMATION
TIME AXIS
Internal Use Only
Micro-Seismogram
Micro-Seismogram (MSG):
The Total Energ display from the 5 Receiver (X-Y) is used.
X-Y is then cut to remove negative peaks (Clipped X-Y)
Rotated 90 Degrees
Compared to a grey scale and viewed from top down.
The nature and shape of the waveform is analyzed to detect the
presence shear and formation (stonely) waves.
The presence of these waves indicates good bond to casing and
formation.
The presence of early or strong arrivals is an indication that a
free pipe or partial bonded condition exists.
Internal Use Only
MSG Algorythm Principle
Total Energy Display (X-Y)
Cut to remove negative
peaks
Rotated 90 Degrees
Compared to grey scale
Positive peaks are
shaded black
Negative peaks are
shaded white
Viewed from top down.
Internal Use Only
Microseismogram
MSG: MicroSeismoGram
5 ft Receiver for MSG
Analysis
Allows easy differentiation
between
casing
and
formation arrivals
Tx
R3
5 ft
R5
Internal Use Only
Micro SeismoGram
MSG GENERATION A-A.ppt
Internal Use Only
The blackness of the MSG increases with the amplitude of
the signal
+
_
Internal Use Only
5 Foot Total Energy Display (X-Y Plot)
Internal Use Only
5 Foot Total Energy Display (MSG)
Internal Use Only
