Wireless Networks: Introduction To Wireless Communication

Wireless Networks
Lecture 1
Introduction to Wireless Communication
Dr. Ghalib A. Shah
Course Basics
Instructor
Dr. Ghalib A. Shah
Prerequisite
Data Communication and Networks
Text books
1. Wireless Communication and

Networks, 2nd Ed., W. Stalling.
2. Wireless Communications: Principles
and Practices, 2nd Ed., T. S.
Rappaport.
3. The Mobile Communications
Handbook, J. D. Gibson
Objectives of Course
Introduce
Basics of wireless communication
Evolution of modern wireless communication
systems
Wireless Networks
Research issues in emerging wireless networks
Outcomes
Adequate knowledge of wireless networks
Able to carry research in different domains of
wireless networks
3
Course Syllabus
Introduction to wireless communication

Evolution of wireless communication systems
Medium access techniques
Propagation models
Error control techniques
Cellular systems
AMPS, IS-95, IS-136, GSM,
Wireless networks
GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, cdma2000, Mobile IP, WLL,
WLAN and Bluetooth
Emerging networks
WiMAX, MANET, WSN
4
Introduction to Wireless
Communication
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
The Wireless vision

Radio Waves
Channel Capacity
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
EM Spectrum
The Wireless vision

What is wireless communication?
What are the driving factors?
An explosive increase in demand of tetherless
connectivity.
Dramatic progress in VLSI technology
Implementation of efficient signal processing
algorithms.
New Coding techniques
Success of 2G wireless standards (GSM)
Wired Vs. Wireless Communication
Wired
Wireless
Each cable is a different channel
One media (cable) shared by all
Signal attenuation is low
High signal attenuation
No interference
High interference
noise; co-channel interference; adjacent
channel interference
7
Why go wireless ?
Advantages
Sometimes it is impractical to lay cables
User mobility
Cost
Limitations
Bandwidth
Fidelity
Power
(In) security
Electromagnetic Signal
Function of time
Can also be expressed as a function of
frequency
Signal consists of components of different
frequencies
Time-Domain Concepts
Analog signal - signal intensity varies in a
smooth fashion over time
No breaks or discontinuities in the signal
Digital signal - signal intensity maintains a

constant level for some period of time and then
changes to another constant level
Periodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern
that repeats over time
s(t +T ) = s(t )
- < t < +
where T is the period of the signal
Aperiodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern

that doesn't repeat over time
10
Peak amplitude (A) - maximum value or
strength of the signal over time; typically
measured in volts
Frequency (f )
Rate, in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz) at
which the signal repeats
Period (T ) - amount of time it takes for one

repetition of the signal
T = 1/f
Phase () - measure of the relative position

in time within a single period of a signal
11
Wavelength () - distance occupied by a single
cycle of the signal
Or, the distance between two points of corresponding
phase of two consecutive cycles
= vT
Sine wave
Square wave
12
General sine wave
s(t ) = A sin(2ft + )
Figure shows the effect of varying each of

the three parameters
(a) A = 1, f = 1 Hz, = 0; thus T = 1s

(b) Reduced peak amplitude; A=0.5
(c) Increased frequency; f = 2, thus T =
(d) Phase shift; = /4 radians (45 degrees)
note: 2 radians = 360 = 1 period

13
Sine Wave Parameters
14
Frequency-Domain Concepts
Fundamental frequency - when all
frequency components of a signal are
integer multiples of one frequency, its
referred to as the fundamental frequency
Spectrum - range of frequencies that a
signal contains
Absolute bandwidth - width of the
spectrum of a signal
Effective bandwidth (or just bandwidth) narrow band of frequencies that most of
the signals energy is contained in
15
Frequency-Domain Concepts
Any electromagnetic signal can be shown
to consist of a collection of periodic
analog signals (sine waves) at different
amplitudes, frequencies, and phases
The period of the total signal is equal to
the period of the fundamental frequency
16
Relationship between Data Rate and

Bandwidth
The greater the bandwidth, the higher the
information-carrying capacity
Conclusions
Any digital waveform will have infinite
bandwidth
BUT the transmission system will limit the
bandwidth that can be transmitted
AND, for any given medium, the greater the
bandwidth transmitted, the greater the cost
HOWEVER, limiting the bandwidth creates
distortions
17
About Channel Capacity

Impairments, such as noise, limit data
rate that can be achieved
For digital data, to what extent do
impairments limit data rate?
Channel Capacity the maximum rate at
which data can be transmitted over a
given communication path, or channel,
under given conditions
18
Concepts Related to Channel Capacity

Data rate - rate at which data can be
communicated (bps)
Noise - average level of noise over the
communications path
Error rate - rate at which errors occur
Error = transmit 1 and receive 0; transmit 0 and
receive 1
19
Nyquist Bandwidth
For binary signals (two voltage levels)
C = 2B
With multilevel signaling

C = 2B log2 M
M = number of discrete signal or voltage levels
20
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Ratio of the power in a signal to the power
contained in the noise thats present at a
particular point in the transmission
Typically measured at a receiver
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR, or S/N)
( SNR ) dB
signal power
10 log10
noise power
A high SNR means a high-quality signal, lower

number of required intermediate repeaters
SNR sets upper bound on achievable data rate
21
Shannon Capacity Formula

Equation:
C B log 2 1 SNR
Represents theoretical maximum that can be
achieved
In practice, only much lower rates achieved
Formula assumes white noise (thermal noise)
Impulse noise is not accounted for
Attenuation distortion or delay distortion not accounted
for
22
EM Spectrum
ISM band
LF
30kHz
10km
MF
300kHz
1km
o
di
VHF
HF
3MHz
30MHz
100m
10m
2.4 2.4835 Ghz
TV
ce
llu
l
TV
ar
ra
FM
AM
S/
W
ra
di
ra
d
io
902 928 Mhz

5.725 5.785 Ghz
UHF
300MHz
1m
SHF
3GHz
EHF
30GHz
300GHz
1cm
100mm
10cm
X rays
infrared visible UV
1 kHz
1 MHz
1 GHz
1 THz
1 PHz
Gamma rays
1 EHz
Propagation characteristics are different in each frequency band

23
Design Challenges
Two fundamental aspects of wireless
communication
Channel fading
Multipath fading
Path loss via distance attenuation
Shadowing by obstacles
Interference
Multiple transmitters to a common receiver
Multiple transmitters to multiple receivers
24
The primary concern in wireless systems

is to increase the reliability of air
interface.
This is achieved by controlling the
channel fading and interference.
Recently the focus has shifted to spectral
efficiency.
25
Summary
EM seen in domain of time and frequency
Analog and digital signal
Periodic and aperiodic signal
Frequency, amplitude and wavelength of
signal
Fundamental frequency
Channel capacity
Nyquist formula
Shannon formula
EM Spectrum
Design challenges in wireless communication
26
Course Syllabus
Introduction to wireless communication (3 hrs)
Evolution of wireless communication systems (3
hrs)
Medium access techniques (3 hrs)
Propagation models (3 hrs)
Error control techniques (3 hrs)
Cellular systems (9 hrs)
AMPS, IS-95, IS-136, GSM,
Wireless networks (12 hrs)

GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, cdma2000, Mobile IP, WLL, WLAN
and Bluetooth
Emerging networks (9 hrs)

WiMAX, MANET, WSN, etc
27

Wireless Networks: Introduction To Wireless Communication

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Wireless Networks: Introduction To Wireless Communication

Uploaded by

Wireless Networks

Dr. Ghalib A. Shah

Data Communication and Networks

1. Wireless Communication and

Introduction to wireless communication

The Wireless vision

The Wireless vision

Success of 2G wireless standards (GSM)

Wired Vs. Wireless Communication

Each cable is a different channel

One media (cable) shared by all

Signal attenuation is low

High signal attenuation

Digital signal - signal intensity maintains a

where T is the period of the signal

Aperiodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern

Period (T ) - amount of time it takes for one

Phase () - measure of the relative position

Figure shows the effect of varying each of

(a) A = 1, f = 1 Hz, = 0; thus T = 1s

note: 2 radians = 360 = 1 period

Sine Wave Parameters

Relationship between Data Rate and

About Channel Capacity

Concepts Related to Channel Capacity

With multilevel signaling

A high SNR means a high-quality signal, lower

Shannon Capacity Formula

2.4 2.4835 Ghz

902 928 Mhz

Propagation characteristics are different in each frequency band

The primary concern in wireless systems

Wireless networks (12 hrs)

Emerging networks (9 hrs)

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