INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
INDUCTIVE REASONING:
Here, we go from the particular to the general.
Based on observation, facts and experience
Facts are obvious, visible and appealing to
common people. Therefore, reasoning based on
them would have more adherents.
Sample studies, case studies, grounded
theory, ethnography etc. fall in this
category.
Reasoning which takes us beyond the
confines of our current evidence or
knowledge to conclusions about the
unknown.
The premises of an inductive argument
support the conclusion but do not entail
it i.e. they do not ensure its truth.
Contd..
Induction is used to ascribe properties or
relations to types based on an observation
instance
(or on a no. of observations / experiences)
It is also used to formulate laws based on
limited [Link] recurring phenomenal
patterns.
Induction is employed in using specific
propositions to infer general propositions.
There is strong induction and weak
induction
Strong Induction
Consider,
Man X is mortal
Man Y is mortal
Therefore, all men are mortal
Again,
All swans I have ever seen are white
Therefore, all swans are white
Another example:
This ice is cold (or all ice I have touched is cold)
Therefore, all ice is cold
Another example
5+7=12
Therefore, an odd number added to another odd
number will result in an even number
Yet another example:
All crows that I have observed are black
Therefore, all crows are black
Again,
Each time I throw a ball up, it comes back down
Therefore, the next time I throw a ball up, it will
come
back down
Such conclusions however, are not certain
unless we falsify the contrary.
Thus, the truth of the premise would make
the truth of the conclusion probable, but not
necessary.
Hence the need for a fairly large number of
observations and randomness of the sample
group for representing the population.
Even so, we conclude with some level of
confidence or significance.
Weak Induction
Consider the example :
I always hang picture from nails
Therefore, all pictures hang from nails
Here, the link between the premise and the
inductive conclusion is weak. No reason exists to
believe that there are no other ways for pictures
to hang. Indeed, not all pictures are hung. Even
when hung, they need not be on nails.
Again,
Many drivers fined for speeding are teenagers
Therefore, all teenagers drive fast
Another example :
I usually relax with a cup of tea
Therefore, all persons usually relax with a cup of tea
Here also, the link between the premise and the
conclusion is weak. Thus this type of inductive
reasoning would lead us to clearly false conclusions
or over-generalizations.
VALIDITY
Inductive arguments are never binding
but they may be cogent
Inductions are open unlike deductions
which are closed
Thus, the conclusion that all swans are
white is false; which may have been
thought to be true in Europe until the
settlement in Australia and New Zealand
when black swans were discovered
However, as David Hume argued, our every day
reasoning depends on patterns of repeated
experience rather than deductively sound arguments.
Eg. We believe that bread will nourish us because it
has done so in the past, but this is not a guarantee
that it will always do so.
But then, as Hume said, someone who insisted on
sound deductive justifications for everything would
starve to death. He advocated practical skepticism
based on common sense instead of severe skepticism
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Here, we move from the general to the
particular.
Based on laws, theories and principles.
Not so obvious nor appealing to common
people.
They are unreal and illusory in appearance.
Thus, reasoning based on them would have
less number of adherents
Examples:
All men are mortal
I am a man
Therefore, I am mortal
Again,
According to Newtons Law, whatever
goes up must come down
Therefore, if I throw a ball up, it must
come back down
