SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The University of Oklahoma
Lecture VI: Per Unit System (P.U.)
Instructor: Dr. John N. Jiang
MWF 09:30am - 10:20am
Carson Engineering Center: Room 0017
Spring 2010
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SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The University of Oklahoma
Summary: A more complicated example
Example: A simple power system shown in figure below:
Contains a 480 V generator connected to an ideal 1:10 step up
transformer, a transmission line, an ideal 20:1 step-down transformer,
and a load
Course Notes of ECE 3113, Energy Conversion
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The University of Oklahoma
Electrical Power System
Generation
Power Plant
500 kV Transmission
Commercial/
Industrial
Customer
Urban
Customers
Extra-High-Voltage Substation
(500/230 kV)
Transmission
System
Distribution
System
Distribution Substation
(69/12 kV)
230 kV
Transmission
69 kV Sub-transmission
(12kV)
Distribution Line
Overhead
Distribution
Transformer
Underground Cable
Residential
Customer
Underground
Distribution Transfomer
Course Notes of ECE 3113, Energy Conversion
Residential
Customer
High-Voltage Substation
(230/69 kV)
To Other
High-Voltage
Substations
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SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The University of Oklahoma
Per Unit System
Simplify the analysis of power/energy system
with different voltage levels by avoiding the
impudence conversion
Easy to verify the answers (since they all fall
into a small range)
Course Notes of ECE 3113, Energy Conversion
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The University of Oklahoma
The Per-unit System
It is customary to select two base quantities to define
a given per-unit system Pbase, Qbase, or Sbase Vbase Ibase
Voltage and Power (Apparent Power)
Once these base quantities have been selected, all
the other base values can be obtained by the usual
electrical laws
2
Vbase
Ibase
Vbase
Zbase
,
Ybase
and Zbase
Ibase
Vbase
Sbase
The base apparent power remains constant when it
goes through a transformer, on the other hand,
voltage changes at every transformer in the system
according to the turns ratio
Course Notes of ECE 3113, Energy Conversion
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The University of Oklahoma
The Per-unit System
If a per-unit system based on a devices (transformer, induction
motor, or synchronous generator) own ratings is used, its
characteristic will not vary much over a wide range of voltage
and power ratings.
Series resistance of a Tr. : 0.01 p.u.
Series reactance of a Tr. : 0.02~0.10 p.u.
Because per-unit values provide a convenient and meaningful
way to compare transformer characteristics when they are of
different sizes, Tr. Impedances are normally given in per-unit or
as a percentage on the Tr.s nameplate.
Course Notes of ECE 3113, Energy Conversion
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The University of Oklahoma
The Per-unit System
The entire system must have the same base power, and the base
voltages at various points in the system must be related by the
voltage ratios of the transformers.
One common rule is to choose the system base quantities to be
equal to the base of the largest component in the system.
Per-unit values given to another base can be converted to the
new base by converting them to their actual values (volts,
amperes, ohms, etc.) Alternatively, they can be converted
directly by the equations :
Sbase 1 Vpu ( base 2 ) Vpu ( base 1) Vbase 1
P, Q, S pu (base 2) P, Q, S pu (base 1)
Vbase 2
Sbase 2
2
Vbase 1 Sbase 2
R, X , Z pu (base 2) R, X , Z pu (base 1)
Vbase 2 2 Sbase 1
1
2
R, X , Z a R, X , Z sec
R, X , Z 2 R, X , Z pri
a
Course Notes of ECE 3113, Energy Conversion
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The University of Oklahoma
Summary PU System and Other Forms
Per unit system, a system of dimensionless parameters, is used for
computational convenience and for readily comparing the performance
of a set of transformers or a set of electrical machines.
PU Value
Actual Quantity
Base Quantity
Where actual quantity and base quantity are values in volts, amperes, ohms, etc.
[VA]base and [V]base are chosen first.
VA base
I base
Sbase pri Sbase sec
V base
Pbase Qbase S base VA base V base I base
V base pri
2
2
V base V base
V base
turns ratio a
Rbase X base Z base
V base sec
I base S base VA base
I
Ybase base
V base
Z
PU
ohm
As long as two sides are consistent, base value can be anything.
Convention is to use rated value
Z base
Course Notes of ECE 3113, Energy Conversion
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The University of Oklahoma
Finding Per-unit Value
S=100KVA
Find base Ibase, Vbase, Zbase (Sbase?)
Have at least two known values
Calculate P.U. value based on the definition of P.U. system
Calculate P.U. active power of load (I2R)
Find the actual power of load
Find the actual line loss load (I2R)
Course Notes of ECE 3113, Energy Conversion
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The University of Oklahoma
Solution
Example: A simple power system shown in Figure below:
Contains a 480 V generator connected to an ideal 1:10 step up
transformer, a transmission line, an ideal 20:1 step-down transformer,
and a load
Course Notes of ECE 3113, Energy Conversion
10
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The University of Oklahoma
Example (cont)
Impedance of line 20+j60, and impedance of load
Chose Base Values (I, V, Z, P)
Generator: 480 V and 10 kVA
Ibase=Sbase/Vbase1 =10000/480=20.83 A
Zbase1=Vbase1/Ibase1=480/20.83=23.04
Transmission line: 10kVA and a GT = 1:10. VT = ?
Vbase2 = Vbase1/a=480/0.1 = 4800 V
Sbase2=10 kVA
Ibase2=10000/4800=2.083 A
Zbase2=4800 V/ 2.083 A = 2304
Load: 10kVA and aTL = 20:1, VL = ?
Vbase3=Vbase2/a =4800/20= 240 V
Sbase3=10 kVA
Ibase3=10000/240=41.67 A
Zbase3=240/41.67 = 5.76
Convert this system to its p.u. equivalent cct.
Solve the problems
1030
Find power supplied to load in this system
Find power lost in transmission line
Find the true value (based on the base values)
Course Notes of ECE 3113, Energy Conversion
11
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The University of Oklahoma
Example (cont)
(b) to build the pu equivalent cct. Of power system, each cct parameter
divided by its base value
4800 / 480 1.00 pu
VG,pu=
Zline,pu=(20+j60)/2304=0.0087+j0.0260 pu
Zload,pu=
1030 / 5.76 1.7360 pu
Per unit equivalent circuit can be obtained:
Course Notes of ECE 3113, Energy Conversion
12
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The University of Oklahoma
Example (cont)
Active Power
Ipu=Vpu/Ztot,pu=
10
10
0.569 30.6
(0.0087 j 0.026) (1.73630 ) 1.512 j 0.894
p.u.
Per unit active power of load :
Pload,pu =IpuRpu=(0.569)(1.503)=0.487 p.u.
actual power supplied to load:
Pload=Pload,puSbase=0.487 x 10000=4870 W
Line Loss
Pline loss,pu =IpuRline,pu=(0.569)(0.0087)=0.00282
Pline= Pline loss,pu
Sbase= (0.00282)(10000)=28.2 W
Course Notes of ECE 3113, Energy Conversion
13
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The University of Oklahoma
Homework 6
A 20-kVA, 8000:480 V distribution transformer has the following resistances and
reactance:
RS = 0.05 ohm (secondary)
RP = 32 ohm
XS = 0.06 ohm
XP = 45 ohm
(secondary)
RC = 250,000 ohm
XM = 30,000 ohm (primary)
(primary)
The excitation branch impedances are referred to the high-voltage side.
a)
Find the equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to the high-voltage side, as
well as the parameters (all converted to the primary side)
b)
Find the per unit equivalent circuit of this transformer (you can use the simplified
equivalent circuit).
c)
Calculate Transformers efficiency at full load (or full power)
a) Based on actual resistance
b) Based on Per Unit Value
c) Find actual value of the secondary side load resistance.
d)
Calculate Transformers efficiency at of full load (or full power)
a) Based on actual resistance
b) Based on Per Unit Value
c) Find actual value of the secondary side load resistance.
Based on Simplified Eq
Circuit
b)
Hint: the load/ impedances of the secondary is not given, see examples in Notes 22 for how to deal with 1/2load
Course Notes of ECE 3113, Energy Conversion
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