Introduction to Modern

OpenGL Programming
Ed Angel
University of New Mexico
Dave Shreiner
ARM, Inc

Agenda

Evolution of the OpenGL Pipeline

A Prototype Application in OpenGL
OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL)
Vertex Shaders
Fragment Shaders
Examples

What Is OpenGL?
OpenGL is a computer graphics rendering API
With it, you can generate high-quality color images
by rendering with geometric and image primitives
It forms the basis of many interactive applications
that include 3D graphics
By using OpenGL, the graphics part of your
application can be
operating system independent
window system independent

Course Ground Rules

Well concentrate on the latest versions of OpenGL
They enforce a new way to program with OpenGL
Allows more efficient use of GPU resources

If youre familiar with classic graphics pipelines, modern

OpenGL doesnt support
Fixed-function graphics operations
lighting
transformations

All applications must use shaders for their graphics

processing

The Evolution of the OpenGL

Pipeline

In the Beginning
OpenGL 1.0 was released on July 1st, 1994
Its pipeline was entirely fixed-function
the only operations available were fixed by the
implementation
Vertex
Vertex
Data
Data

Vertex
Vertex
Transform and
Transform
and
Lighting
Lighting

Primitive
Primitive
Setup
Setup and
and
Rasterization
Rasterization

Fragment
Fragment
Coloring
Coloring and
and
Texturing
Texturing

Blending
Blending

The pipeline evolved, but remained fixed-function

Pixel
Pixel
Data
Data

Texture
Texture
Store
Store

through OpenGL versions 1.1 through 2.0 (Sept. 2004)

The Start of the Programmable Pipeline

OpenGL 2.0 (officially) added programmable shaders
vertex shading augmented the fixed-function transform and
lighting stage
fragment shading augmented the fragment coloring stage

However, the fixed-function pipeline was still available

Vertex
Vertex
Data
Data

Pixel
Pixel
Data
Data

Vertex
Vertex
Transform and
Transform
and
Lighting
Lighting

Texture
Texture
Store
Store

Primitive
Primitive
Setup and
Setup
and
Rasterization
Rasterization

Fragment
Fragment
Coloring and
Coloring
and
Texturing
Texturing

Blending
Blending

An Evolutionary Change
OpenGL 3.0 introduced the deprecation model
the method used to remove features from OpenGL
The pipeline remained the same until OpenGL 3.1
(released March 24th, 2009)
Introduced a change in how OpenGL contexts are used
Context Type

Description

Full

Includes all features (including those marked deprecated) available in the

current version of OpenGL

Forward Compatible

Includes all non-deprecated features (i.e., creates a context that would be

similar to the next version of OpenGL)

The Exclusively Programmable Pipeline

OpenGL 3.1 removed the fixed-function pipeline
programs were required to use only shaders
Vertex
Vertex
Data
Data

Pixel
Pixel
Data
Data

Vertex
Vertex
Shader
Shader

Primitive
Primitive
Setup
Setup and
and
Rasterization
Rasterization

Fragment
Fragment
Shader
Shader

Blending
Blending

Texture
Texture
Store
Store

Additionally, almost all data is GPU-resident

all vertex data sent using buffer objects

More Programability
OpenGL 3.2 (released August 3rd, 2009) added an
additional shading stage geometry shaders
Vertex
Vertex
Data
Data

Vertex
Vertex
Shader
Shader
Geometry
Geometry
Shader
Shader

Pixel
Pixel
Data
Data

Texture
Texture
Store
Store

Primitive
Primitive
Setup and
Setup
and
Rasterization
Rasterization

Fragment
Fragment
Shader
Shader

Blending
Blending

More Evolution Context Profiles

OpenGL 3.2 also introduced context profiles

profiles control which features are exposed
its like GL_ARB_compatibility, only not insane

currently two types of profiles: core and compatible

Context Type

Profile

Description

core

All features of the current release

compatible

All features ever in OpenGL

core

All non-deprecated features

compatible

Not supported

Full

Forward Compatible

The Latest Pipelines

OpenGL 4.1 (released July 25th, 2010) included
additional shading stages tessellation-control and
tessellation-evaluation shaders
Latest version is 4.3
Vertex
Vertex
Data
Data

Vertex
Vertex
Shader
Shader

Tessellation
Tessellation
Control
Control
Shader
Shader

Pixel
Pixel
Data
Data

Texture
Texture
Store
Store

Primitive
Primitive
Setup and
Setup
and
Rasterization
Rasterization
Tessellation
Tessellation
Evaluation
Evaluation
Shader
Shader

Geometry
Geometry
Shader
Shader

Fragment
Fragment
Shader
Shader

Blending
Blending

OpenGL ES and WebGL

OpenGL ES 2.0
Designed for embedded and hand-held devices such
as cell phones

Based on OpenGL 3.1

Shader based
WebGL
JavaScript implementation of ES 2.0
Runs on most recent browsers

OpenGL Application
Development

A Simplified Pipeline Model

Application

Vertices

Vertices
Vertex
Processing

Vertex
Shader

Framebuffer

GPU Data Flow

Fragments
Rasterizer

Pixels
Fragment
Processing

Fragment
Shader

OpenGL Programming in a Nutshell

Modern OpenGL programs essentially do the

following steps:
1. Create shader programs
2. Create buffer objects and load data into them
3. Connect data locations with shader variables
4. Render

Application Framework Requirements

OpenGL applications need a place to render into
usually an on-screen window

Need to communicate with native windowing system

Each windowing system interface is different
We use GLUT (more specifically, freeglut)
simple, open-source library that works everywhere
handles all windowing operations:
opening windows
input processing

Simplifying Working with OpenGL

Operating systems deal with library functions differently
compiler linkage and runtime libraries may expose different
functions

Additionally, OpenGL has many versions and profiles

which expose different sets of functions
managing function access is cumbersome, and window-system
dependent

We use another open-source library, GLEW, to hide

those details

Representing Geometric Objects

Geometric objects are represented using vertices
A vertex is a collection of generic attributes

positional coordinates
colors
texture coordinates
any other data associated with that point in space

x

y
z

w

Position stored in 4 dimensional homogeneous coordinates

Vertex data must be stored in vertex buffer objects (VBOs)
VBOs must be stored in vertex array objects (VAOs)

OpenGLs Geometric Primitives

All primitives are specified by vertices

GL_POINTS GL_LINES

GL_LINE_STRIP

GL_TRIANGLES
GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP

GL_LINE_LOOP

GL_TRIANGLE_FAN

A First Program

Our First Program

Well render a cube with colors at each vertex

Our example demonstrates:
initializing vertex data
organizing data for rendering
simple object modeling
building up 3D objects from geometric primitives
building geometric primitives from vertices

Initializing the Cubes Data

Well build each cube face from individual triangles
Need to determine how much storage is required
(6 faces)(2 triangles/face)(3 vertices/triangle)
const int NumVertices = 36;

To simplify communicating with GLSL, well use a vec4

class (implemented in C++) similar to GLSLs vec4 type
well also typedef it to add logical meaning
typedef
typedef

vec4
vec4

point4;
color4;

Initializing the Cubes Data (contd)

Before we can initialize our VBO, we need to stage the
data
Our cube has two attributes per vertex
position
color
We create two arrays to hold the VBO data
point4
color4

points[NumVertices];
colors[NumVertices];

Cube Data
// Vertices of a unit cube centered at origin, sides aligned with
axes
point4 vertex_positions[8] = {
point4( -0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.0
point4( -0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0
point4( 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0
point4( 0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.0
point4( -0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 1.0
point4( -0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0
point4( 0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0
point4( 0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 1.0
};

),
),
),
),
),
),
),
)

Cube Data
// RGBA colors
color4 vertex_colors[8] = {
color4( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0
color4( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0
color4( 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0
color4( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0
color4( 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0
color4( 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0
color4( 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0
color4( 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0
};

),
),
),
),
),
),
),
)

//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//

black
red
yellow
green
blue
magenta
white
cyan

Generating a Cube Face from Vertices

// quad() generates two triangles for each face and assigns colors to the vertices
int Index = 0;

// global variable indexing into VBO arrays

void quad( int a, int b, int c, int d )

{
colors[Index] = vertex_colors[a]; points[Index] = vertex_positions[a]; Index++;
colors[Index] = vertex_colors[b]; points[Index] = vertex_positions[b]; Index++;
colors[Index] = vertex_colors[c]; points[Index] = vertex_positions[c]; Index++;
colors[Index] = vertex_colors[a]; points[Index] = vertex_positions[a]; Index++;
colors[Index] = vertex_colors[c]; points[Index] = vertex_positions[c]; Index++;
colors[Index] = vertex_colors[d]; points[Index] = vertex_positions[d]; Index++;
}

Generating the Cube from Faces

// generate 12 triangles: 36 vertices and 36 colors
void
colorcube()
{
quad( 1, 0, 3, 2 );
quad( 2, 3, 7, 6 );
quad( 3, 0, 4, 7 );
quad( 6, 5, 1, 2 );
quad( 4, 5, 6, 7 );
quad( 5, 4, 0, 1 );
}

Vertex Array Objects (VAOs)

VAOs store the data of an geometric object
Steps in using a VAO
1. generate VAO names by calling glG enVertexArrays()
2. bind a specific VAO for initialization by calling glBindVertexArray()
3. update VBOs associated with this VAO
4. bind VAO for use in rendering

This approach allows a single function call to specify all the

data for an objects
. previously, you might have needed to make many calls to make all
the data current

VAOs in Code
// Create a vertex array object
GLuint vao;
glGenVertexArrays( 1, &vao );
glBindVertexArray( vao );

Storing Vertex Attributes

Vertex data must be stored in a VBO, and
associated with a VAO
The code-flow is similar to configuring a VAO
1. generate VBO names by calling glG enBuff
ers()
2. bind a specific VBO for initialization by calling
glBindBuff
er( G L_ARRAY_BU FFER, )
3. load data into VBO using
glBuff
erD ata( G L_ARRAY_BU FFER, )
4. bind VAO for use in rendering glBindVertexArray()

VBOs in Code
// Create and initialize a buffer object
GLuint buffer;
glGenBuffers( 1, &buffer );
glBindBuffer( GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer );
glBufferData( GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(points) +
sizeof(colors), NULL, GL_STATIC_DRAW );
glBufferSubData( GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0,
sizeof(points), points );
glBufferSubData( GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(points),
sizeof(colors), colors );

Connecting Vertex Shaders with Geometric Data

Application vertex data enters the OpenGL

pipeline through the vertex shader
Need to connect vertex data to shader
variables
requires knowing the attribute location

Attribute location can either be queried by

calling glGetVertexAttribLocation()

Vertex Array Code

// set up vertex arrays (after shaders are loaded)
GLuint vPosition = glGetAttribLocation( program,
"vPosition" );
glEnableVertexAttribArray( vPosition );
glVertexAttribPointer( vPosition, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0,
BUFFER_OFFSET(0) );
GLuint vColor = glGetAttribLocation( program, "vColor" );
glEnableVertexAttribArray( vColor );
glVertexAttribPointer( vColor, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0,
BUFFER_OFFSET(sizeof(points)) );

Drawing Geometric Primitives

For contiguous groups of vertices

glDrawArrays( GL_TRIANGLES, 0,
NumVertices
); in display callback
Usually
invoked

Initiates vertex shader

Shaders and GLSL

GLSL Data Types

Scalar types: float, int, bool
Vector types: vec2, vec3, vec4
ivec2, ivec3, ivec4
bvec2, bvec3, bvec4
Matrix types: mat2, mat3, mat4
Texture sampling: sampler1D, sampler2D, sampler3D,
samplerCube
C++ Style Constructors vec3 a = vec3(1.0, 2.0,
3.0);

Operators
Standard C/C++ arithmetic and logic operators
Operators overloaded for matrix and vector operations

mat4 m;
vec4 a, b, c;
b = a*m;
c = m*a;

Components and Swizzling

For vectors can use [ ], xyzw, rgba or stpq
Example:
vec3 v;
v[1], v.y, v.g, v.t all refer to the same element
Swizzling:
vec3 a, b;
a.xy = b.yx;

Qualifiers
in, out
Copy vertex attributes and other variable to/ from
shaders
in vec2 tex_coord;
out vec4 color;

Uniform: variable from application

uniform float time;
uniform vec4 rotation;

Flow Control

if
if else
expression ? true-expression : falseexpression
while, do while
for

Functions

Built in
Arithmetic: sqrt, power, abs
Trigonometric: sin, asin
Graphical: length, reflect

User defined

Built-in Variables

gl_Position: output position from vertex

shader
gl_FragColor: output color from fragment
shader
Only for ES, WebGL and older versions of GLSL
Present version use an out variable

Simple Vertex Shader for Cube Example

in vec4 vPosition;
in vec4 vColor;
out vec4 color;
void m ain()
{
color = vColor;
gl_Position = vPosition;
}

The Simplest Fragment Shader

in vec4 color;
out vec4 FragColor;
void m ain()
{
FragColor = color;
}

Getting Your Shaders into OpenGL

Create
Program

glCreateProgram()

and linked to form an

executable shader program

Create
Shader

glCreateShader()

OpenGL provides the compiler

Load
Load Shader
Shader
Source
Source

glShaderSource()

Compile
Shader

glCompileShader()

Shaders need to be compiled

and linker
A program must contain
vertex and fragment
shaders
other shaders are optional

Attach
Attach Shader
Shader
to
to Program
Program

glAttachShader()

Link Program

glLinkProgram()

Use Program

glUseProgram()

These
steps need
to be
repeated
for each
type of
shader in
the shader
program

A Simpler Way

Weve created a routine for this course to make it

easier to load your shaders
available at course website
GLuint InitShaders( const char* vFile, const char*
fFile);

InitShaders takes two filenames

vFile for the vertex shader
fFile for the fragment shader

Fails if shaders dont compile, or program doesnt

link

Associating Shader Variables and Data

Need to associate a shader variable with an OpenGL data
source

vertex shader attributes app vertex attributes

shader uniforms app provided uniform values

OpenGL relates shader variables to indices for the app to

set
Two methods for determining variable/index association
specify association before program linkage
query association after program linkage

Determining Locations After Linking

Assumes you already know the variables

name
GLint idx =
glGetAttribLocation( program, name );
GLint idx =
glGetUniformLocation( program,
name );

Initializing Uniform Variable Values

Uniform Variables
glUniform4f( index, x, y, z, w );
GLboolean

transpose = GL_TRUE;

// Since were C programmers

GLfloat

mat[3][4][4] = { };

glUniformMatrix4fv( index, 3, transpose,

mat );

Finishing the Cube Program

int main( int argc, char **argv ) {
glutInit( &argc, argv );
glutInitDisplayMode( GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DOUBLE |
GLUT_DEPTH );
glutInitWindowSize( 512, 512 );
glutCreateWindow( "Color Cube" );
glewInit();
init();
glutDisplayFunc( display );
glutKeyboardFunc( keyboard );
glutMainLoop();

Cube Program GLUT Callbacks

void display( void )
{
glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT
GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );
glDrawArrays( GL_TRIANGLES, 0, NumVertices );
glutSwapBuffers();
}
void keyboard( unsigned char key, int x, int y )
{
switch( key ) {
case 033: case 'q': case 'Q':
exit( EXIT_SUCCESS );
break;
}
}

Vertex Shader Examples

A vertex shader is initiated by each vertex output by
glDrawArrays()
A vertex shader must output a position in clip
coordinates to the rasterizer
Basic uses of vertex shaders
Transformations
Lighting
Moving vertex positions

Transformations

Camera Analogy

3D is just like taking a photograph (lots of

photographs!)
viewing
volume
camera
tripod

model

Transfomations Magical Mathematics

Transformations take us from one space to

another
All of our transforms are 44 matrices
Modeling
Transform

Modeling
Transform

Object Coords.

Vertex
Data

Model-View
Transform

World Coords.

Projection
Transform

Eye Coords.

Perspective
Division
(w)

Clip Coords.

Viewport
Transform

Normalized
Device
Coords.

2D Window
Coordinates

Camera Analogy and Transformations

Projection transformations
adjust the lens of the camera

Viewing transformations
tripoddefine position and orientation of the viewing volume in the
world

Modeling transformations
moving the model

Viewport transformations
enlarge or reduce the physical photograph

 3D Transformations
A vertex is transformed
by 44 matrices
all affine operations are
matrix multiplications
all matrices are stored
column-major in OpenGL

matrices are always

post-multiplied
product of matrix and

vector is

Mv

m0
m
1

programmers expect

m12

m4

m8

m5

m9

m2

m6

m10

m14

m3

m7

m11

m15

this is opposite of what C

m13

Specifying What You Can See

Set up a viewing frustum to specify how much

of the world we can see
Done in two steps

specify the size of the frustum (projection transform)

specify its location in space (model-view transform)

Anything outside of the viewing frustum is

clipped

primitive is either modified or discarded (if entirely

outside frustum)

Specifying What You Can See (contd)

OpenGL projection model uses eye coordinates
the eye is located at the origin
looking down the -z axis

Projection matrices use a six-plane model:

near (image) plane and far (infinite) plane
both are distances from the eye (positive values)

enclosing planes
top & bottom, left & right

Viewing Transformations
Position the camera/eye in the scene
place the tripod down; aim camera

To fly through a scene

change viewing transformation and
redraw scene

LookAt( eyex, eyey, eyez,

lookx, looky, lookz,
upx, upy, upz )
up vector determines unique orientation
careful of degenerate positions

tripod

 Translation
Move the origin to a new
location

1 0 0 tx

0 1 0 t
y

T (tx , ty , tz )
0 0 1 t
z

0 0 0 1

 Scale
Stretch, mirror or decimate a
coordinate direction
sx

sy

sz

S( sx , sy , sz )

Note, theres a translation applied here to

make things easier to see

Rotation

Rotate coordinate system about an axis in

space

Note, theres a translation applied

here to make things easier to see

Vertex Shader for Rotation of Cube

in vec4 vPosition;
in vec4 vColor;
out vec4 color;
uniform vec3 theta;
void main()
{
// Compute the sines and cosines of theta for
// each of the three axes in one computation.
vec3 angles = radians( theta );
vec3 c = cos( angles );
vec3 s = sin( angles );

Vertex Shader for Rotation of Cube

// Remember: these matrices are column-major
mat4 rx = mat4( 1.0, 0.0,
0.0, c.x,
0.0, -s.x,
0.0, 0.0,
mat4 ry = mat4( c.y,
0.0,
s.y,
0.0,

0.0,
s.x,
c.x,
0.0,

0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
1.0 );

0.0, -s.y, 0.0,

1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
0.0, c.y, 0.0,
0.0, 0.0, 1.0 );

Vertex Shader for Rotation of Cube

mat4 rz = mat4( c.z, -s.z, 0.0, 0.0,
s.z, c.z, 0.0, 0.0,
0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0,
0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 );
color = vColor;
gl_Position = rz * ry * rx * vPosition;
}

Sending Angles from Application

// compute angles using mouse and idle callbacks
GLuint theta; // theta uniform location
vec3 Theta;
// Axis angles
void display( void )
{
glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT |
GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );
glUniform3fv( theta, 1, Theta );
glDrawArrays( GL_TRIANGLES, 0, NumVertices );
}

glutSwapBuffers();

Vertex Lighting

Lighting Principles
Lighting simulates how objects reflect light
material composition of object
lights color and position
global lighting parameters

Lighting functions deprecated in 3.1

Can implement in
Application (per vertex)
Vertex or fragment shaders

Modified Phong Model

Computes a color or shade for each vertex using a lighting
model (the modified Phong model) that takes into account

Diffuse reflections
Specular reflections
Ambient light
Emission

Vertex shades are interpolated across polygons by the

rasterizer

The Modified Phong Model

The model is a balance between simple computation
and physical realism
The model uses

Light positions and intensities

Surface orientation (normals)
Material properties (reflectivity)
Viewer location

Computed for each source and each color component

How OpenGL Simulates Lights

Modified Phong lighting model

Computed at vertices

Lighting contributors
Surface material properties
Light properties
Lighting model properties

Surface Normals
Normals define how a surface reflects light
Application usually provides normals as a vertex atttribute
Current normal is used to compute vertexs color
Use unit normals for proper lighting
scaling affects a normals length

Material Properties
Define the surface properties of a primitive
Property

Description

Diffuse

Base object color

Specular

Highlight color

Ambient

Low-light color

Emission

Glow color

you can have separate materials for front and back

Shininess
Surface smoothness

Adding Lighting to Cube

// vertex shader
in vec4 vPosition;
in vec3 vNormal;
out vec4 color;
uniform vec4 AmbientProduct, DiffuseProduct,
SpecularProduct;
uniform mat4 ModelView;
uniform mat4 Projection;
uniform vec4 LightPosition;
uniform float Shininess;

Adding Lighting to Cube

void main()
{
// Transform vertex position into eye coordinates
vec3 pos = (ModelView * vPosition).xyz;
vec3 L = normalize(LightPosition.xyz - pos);
vec3 E = normalize(-pos);
vec3 H = normalize(L + E);
// Transform vertex normal into eye coordinates
vec3 N = normalize(ModelView * vec4(vNormal,
0.0)).xyz;

Adding Lighting to Cube

// Compute terms in the illumination equation
vec4 ambient = AmbientProduct;
float Kd = max( dot(L, N), 0.0 );
vec4 diffuse = Kd*DiffuseProduct;
float Ks = pow( max(dot(N, H), 0.0), Shininess );
vec4 specular = Ks * SpecularProduct;
if( dot(L, N) < 0.0 )
specular = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
gl_Position = Projection * ModelView * vPosition;
color = ambient + diffuse + specular;
color.a = 1.0;
}

Shader Examples

Fragment Shaders
A shader thats executed for each potential pixel
fragments still need to pass several tests before making it
to the framebuffer

There are lots of effects we can do in fragment shaders

Per-fragment lighting
Bump Mapping
Environment (Reflection) Maps

Per Fragment Lighting

Compute lighting using same model as for

per vertex lighting but for each fragment
Normals and other attributes are sent to
vertex shader and output to rasterizer
Rasterizer interpolates and provides inputs
for fragment shader

Shader Examples
Vertex Shaders
Moving vertices: height fields
Per vertex lighting: height fields
Per vertex lighting: cartoon shading

Fragment Shaders
Per vertex vs. per fragment lighting: cartoon shader
Samplers: reflection Map
Bump mapping

Height Fields

A height field is a function y = f(x, z) where

the y value represents a quantity such as the
height above a point in the x-z plane.
Heights fields are usually rendered by
sampling the function to form a rectangular
mesh of triangles or rectangles from the
samples yij = f(xi, zj)

Displaying a Height Field

Form a quadrilateral mesh

for(i=0;i<N;i++) for(j=0;j<N;j++) data[i][j]=f(i, j, time);
vertex[Index++] = vec3((float)i/N, data[i][j], (float)j/N);
vertex[Index++] = vec3((float)i/N, data[i][j], (float)(j+1)/N);
vertex[Index++] = vec3((float)(i+1)/N, data[i][j], (float)
(j+1)/N); vertex[Index++] = vec3((float)(i+1)/N, data[i][j],
(float)(j)/N);

Display each quad using

for(i=0;i<NumVertices ;i+=4) glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_LOOP,

4*i, 4);

Time Varying Vertex Shader

in vec4 vPosition;
in vec4 vColor;
uniform float time; /* in milliseconds */
uniform mat4 ModelView, ProjectionMatrix;
void main()
{
vec4 v = vPosition;
vec4 t = sin(0.001*time + 5.0*v);
v.y = 0.1*t.x*t.z;
gl_Position = ModelViewProjectionMatrix * t;
}

Mesh Display

Adding Lighting

Solid Mesh: create two triangles for each quad

Display with
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0,
NumVertices);

For better looking results, well add lighting

Well do per-vertex lighting
leverage the vertex shader since well also use it to
vary the mesh in a time-varying way

Mesh Shader
uniform float time, shininess;
uniform vec4 vPosition, light_position diffuse_light, specular_light;
uniform mat4 ModelViewMatrix, ModelViewProjectionMatrix,
NormalMatrix;
void main()
{
vec4 v = vPosition;
vec4 t = sin(0.001*time + 5.0*v);
v.y = 0.1*t.x*t.z;
gl_Position = ModelViewProjectionMatrix * v;
vec4 diffuse, specular;
vec4 eyePosition = ModelViewMatrix * vPosition;
vec4 eyeLightPos = light_position ;

Mesh Shader (contd)

vec3
vec3
vec3
vec3

N
L
E
H

=
=
=
=

float Kd
float Ks
diffuse
specular
color
}

normalize(NormalMatrix * Normal);
normalize(eyeLightPos.xyz - eyePosition.xyz);
-normalize(eyePosition.xyz);
normalize(L + E);
=
=
=
=
=

max(dot(L, N), 0.0);

pow(max(dot(N, H), 0.0), shininess);
Kd*diffuse_light;
Ks*specular_light;
diffuse + specular;

Shaded Mesh

Texture Mapping

Texture Mapping

y
z

geometry

image
s

screen

Texture Mapping and the OpenGL Pipeline

Images and geometry flow through

separate pipelines that join at the rasterizer
complex textures do not affect geometric complexity

Vertices

Pixels

Geometry
Pipeline
Pixel
Pipeline

Rasterizer

Fragment
Shader

Applying Textures

Three basic steps to applying a texture

1. specify the texture

read or generate image

assign to texture
enable texturing
2. assign texture coordinates to vertices
3. specify texture parameters

wrapping, filtering

Applying Textures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

specify textures in texture objects

set texture filter
set texture function
set texture wrap mode
set optional perspective correction hint
bind texture object
enable texturing
supply texture coordinates for vertex

Texture Objects

Have OpenGL store your images

one image per texture object

may be shared by several graphics contexts
Generate texture names
glGenTextures( n, *texIds );

Texture Objects (cont'd.)

Create texture objects with texture data

and state
glBindTexture( target, id );
Bind textures before using
glBindTexture( target, id );

Specifying a Texture Image

Define a texture image from an array of
texels in CPU memory

glTexImage2D( target, level, components,

w, h, border, format, type, *texels );
Texel colors are processed by pixel pipeline
pixel scales, biases and lookups can be
done

Mapping a Texture
Based on parametric texture coordinates
coordinates needs to be specified at each
vertex
t
0, 1

Texture Space
1, 1
a

b
0, 0

Object Space
(s, t) = (0.2, 0.8)
A

(0.4, 0.2)
1, 0

C
(0.8, 0.4)

Applying the Texture in the Shader

// Declare the sampler
uniform sampler2D diffuse_mat;
// GLSL 3.30 has overloaded texture();
// Apply the material color
vec3 diffuse = intensity *
texture2D(diffuse_mat, coord).rgb;

Applying Texture to Cube

// add texture coordinate attribute
quad function

to

quad( int a, int b, int c, int d )

{
quad_colors[Index] = vertex_colors[a];
points[Index] = vertex_positions[a];
tex_coords[Index] = vec2( 0.0, 0.0 );
Index++;
// rest of vertices
}

Creating a Texture Image

// Create a checkerboard pattern
for ( int i = 0; i < 64; i++ ) {
for ( int j = 0; j < 64; j++ ) {
GLubyte c;
c = (((i & 0x8) == 0) ^ ((j & 0x8) == 0)) * 255;
image[i][j][0] = c;
image[i][j][1] = c;
image[i][j][2] = c;
image2[i][j][0] = c;
image2[i][j][1] = 0;
image2[i][j][2] = c;
}
}

Texture Object
GLuint textures[1];
glGenTextures( 1, textures );
glBindTexture( GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[0] );
glTexImage2D( GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, TextureSize,
TextureSize, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image );
glTexParameterf( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
GL_REPEAT );
glTexParameterf( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
GL_REPEAT );
glTexParameterf( GL_TEXTURE_2D,
GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST );
glTexParameterf( GL_TEXTURE_2D,
GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST );
glActiveTexture( GL_TEXTURE0 );

Vertex Shader
in vec4 vPosition;
in vec4 vColor;
in vec2 vTexCoord;
out vec4 color;
out vec2 texCoord;
void main()
{
color
= vColor;
texCoord
= vTexCoord;
gl_Position = vPosition;
}

Fragment Shader
in vec4 color;
in vec2 texCoord;
out vec4 FragColor;
uniform sampler texture;
void main()
{
FragColor = color * texture( texture, texCoord );
}

Q&A
Thanks for Coming!

Resources
The OpenGL Programming Guide, 7th Edition
Interactive Computer Graphics: A Top-down Approach using

OpenGL, 6th Edition

The OpenGL Superbible, 5th Edition
The OpenGL Shading Language Guide, 3rd Edition
OpenGL and the X Window System
OpenGL Programming for Mac OS X
OpenGL ES 2.0
WebGL (to appear)

Resources

The OpenGL Website: www.opengl.org

API specifications
Reference pages and developer resources
PDF of the OpenGL Reference Card
Discussion forums

The Khronos Website: www.khronos.org

Overview of all Khronos APIs
Numerous presentations

Thanks!

Feel free to drop us any questions:

[email protected]
[email protected]

Course notes and programs available at

www.daveshreiner.com/SIGGRAPH
www.cs.unm.edu/~angel