AER 520

Chapter 6 Bending
1. Shear and moment diagram
2. Graphic method
3. Bending deformation
4. Flexure formula
5. Unsymmetric bending

6.1 Shear and Moment Diagrams

Beam: slender, support loading are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis

Determine the internal forces (normal force, shear

force and bending moment) on a section passing
through the beam at point C.

Using balance equations:

Force balance and moment balance
two free body diagrams
3

Sign Convention
Shear ~ positive direction is
denoted by an internal force
that causes a clockwise rotation
on which it acts.
Moment ~ positive direction is
denoted by and internal
moment that causes a
compression or pushing on the
upper part of the member
4

Shear and Moment Diagrams

For beams we can draw the shear and
moment diagrams as a function of position
along the longitudinal axis of the beam.
Internal normal force will not be
considered as most loadings are vertical
on a beam and are primarily concerned
about shear and bending failures.
5

Example 6.1

Support reaction forces: Symmetric structure

Internal shear force and moment: first half
Sign convention:
V: clockwise rotation
M: Compression on the upper part

Fy 0
M

P
2
P
M x
2
V

Example 6.1
Internal shear force and moment: the
left segment including region BC

MA 0

V PP/20
M Vx P

L
0
2

V P / 2
P
M L x
2

Example 6.2
Support reaction forces:

M
M

0 FC L M 0 0

0 FA L M 0 0

M0
L
M0
FA
L
FC

Shear and moment in region AB:

M0
V 0
L
M0
M

0
M

x0

Fy 0

M0
L
M
M 0 x
L

Example 6.2
Shear and moment in region BC:
M0
V 0
L
M0
M

0
M

x M0 0

Fy 0

M0
V
L
x

M M0 1
L

A up jump at the middle

dM
V
dx

Problem 6-12

6 kip ?

Point B: pin joint, only

vertical force
Support reaction forces: AB

M 0
F 0
A

6* 4 F B *6 0
6 FB FA 0

FB 4kip
FA 10kip
Support reaction forces: BC

8 FB FC 0

FC 4kip
10

Problem 6-12
Free-body diagram:
Shear and moment functions:
6kip
V
M

V 6kip
M 6 x kip.ft
dM
V
dx

11

Example 6.5

FA

FC

Support reaction forces:

M
M

0 FC *18 36*9 36*12 0

FC 42kip

FA 30kip

FA *18 36*9 36*6 0

Shear and moment functions:

x2
V 30 2 x
9

x x2 x
M 2 x * * 30* x 0
2 9 3
3
x
M 30 x x 2
27

12

EXAMPLE: Differences

AER 520
Chapter 6 Bending
6.2 Graphical Method for
shear and moment diagrams

14

Regions of distributed load

F 0 V V w x x V 0
M 0 M M w x x k x
y

M V x 0

V w x x
M V x w x k x

dV
w x
dx
slope of = -distributed
the shear load intensity

dM
V
dx
slope of = the shear
the moment

15

Regions of concentrated force and moment

For concentrated force: (downward)

V F

V V F V 0
Same direction of F

For concentrated moment: (clockwise)

M M M M 0 0

M M 0

same sign of M 0

16

Shear and moment diagram

17

Procedure for analysis

Support reaction forces and moments
Shear diagram:
dV / dx w x or V - w( x)dx

V F

moment diagram:
dM / dx V

or

M V ( x )dx

M M 0

18

Example 6.9
Support reaction forces:

FO w0 L

0 FO w0 L 0

M 0 M O w0 L

L
0
2

w0 L2
MO
2

Shear diagram:
FO w0 L; Fe 0

dV / dx w0
Moment diagram:
w0 L2
MO
; Me 0
2
M Vdx
V is positive and decrease to zero;
shear diagram: a straight line
moment diagram: parabolic

19

Problem 6-4
Support reaction forces:

FA FB 4kip
A

Shear diagram:
V (0) 4; V (20) 4
dV / dx 0

There are four jumps

(downward at 2kip)
Moment diagram:
M (0) 0;

M (20) 0

M V ( x )dx
20

Example 6.11
Support reaction forces:

M
M

E
O

0 FO * 45 2* 45 / 2* 45 / 3 0

FO 15

0 FE * 45 2* 45 / 2* 2* 45 / 3 0 FE 30

Shear diagram:
FO 15;

FE 30

dV / dx w0

V: slope from 0 to 2
To find the cross point where V=0

1
15
2

x
2 45

x0

x 26.0 ft
21

Example 6.11
Moment diagram:
M O 0;

ME 0

dM / dx V

x=0, slope=15;
x=45, slope=-30
The maximum M is at x=26 (V=0)
M max 15* 26

1 26
26

2
26

260

2 45
3

M Vdx
22

Example 6.13
Support reaction forces:

FA 8 6 2*6*
2

2*
4*
2
/10 4.4kip

1
6

FC 8 4 2*6* 6 4 2* 4*12 /10 17.6kip

2
3

Shear diagram:

VA 4.4; VD 0;
B: downward jump 8kip (FA)
BC: further downward at a slope -w
C: upward jump 17.6kip (FC)
23

Example 6.13
Moment diagram:
M A 0;

MD 0

M V ( x )dx

dM
V
dx

AB: linear increase at slope 4.4

BC: decrease in the slope of V
B and C: turning points
MB

parabolic

MC

Cross point of the moment:

cubic

parabolic
24

Problem 6-24
Support reaction forces:
FA 2*8*5 /10 8kip

F 2*8*5 /10 8kip

F

w
4kip/ft upward
B

2
Shear diagram:

VA 8;

VB 0;

dV / dx w

Moment diagram:
M A 0;

M B 0;

dM / dx V
or

V ( x )dx
25

Problem 6-24
Support reaction forces:
FA 2*8*5 /10 8kip

F 2*8*5 /10 8kip

F

w
4kip/ft upward
B

2
Shear diagram:

VA 8;

VB 0;

dV / dx w

Moment diagram:
M A 0;

M B 0;

dM / dx V
or

V ( x )dx
26

6.3 Bending Deformation

Homogeneous material
Symmetric cross-section

Top compress; bottom stretch

Subject to a bending moment

Neutral surface: there

is no change in length
28

Bending Deformation

Neutral surface

Compress

Stretch

29

Normal strain calculation

s s
lim
s 0
s
y

lim
s 0

30

Maximum Strain

max

max

y
max
c

31

6.4 The Flexure Formula

Normal strain relation:

y
max
c
Applying Hookes Law
=E

y
max
c

A linear variation in strain

results in a linear variation in
stress.
32

From the
force
equilibrium:

F 0
ydA 0
x

It means that the

neutral axis is the
horizontal centroidal
axis

33

From the force equilibrium:

dA 0
A

y
max
c

ydA 0
A

M
M

It means that the neutral axis

is the horizontal centroidal
axis

M
ydF

y dA
A

max
c

y
A

y
max dA
c

dA

34

Flexure Formula
max

Mc

I
I

My

I
2

dA

I: the moment of inertia of the cross

sectional area about the neutral axis
J: the polar moment of inertia of the
cross sectional area about the center

T

J
35

Moment of Inertia Review

Centroid ydA

Moment of Inertia y 2 dA
Polar Moment of Inertia 2 dA

36

Parallel Axis Theorem

I x I x ' Ad

2
y

I y I y ' Ad

2
x

y y
dx

(m 4)

dy

37

Determine the area moment of inertia for the rectangle

shown about the axis x and about the axis xb.
I x

y 2 dA

I xb I x ' Ad 2 y

h
2

h
2

y 2 bdy

h
2

bh 3

12

y 2 dA

1
by 3
3
3

1
by 3
3
I xb

h
2

y 2 bdy

h
0

bh 3

bh
h

bh
12
2

bh 3

38

Composite Shapes
I x ( I x Ad y )
2

I x ( I x ' Ad y2 )
0.25 6
1
3

2[
6 0.25
12
12
3

0.25* 6 3.125 ]
2

Take away two small blocks

39

Example 6.15
Internal moment:

M 15*3 5 3 *1.5 22.5kNM

Section property:

I x ( I x ' Ad 2 y )

3
2
1
0.25 0.02 0.25 0.02 0.16
12

1
3
0.02 0.3
12

Bending stress:
3
22.5
10
*0.17

Mc
max

12.7MPa
6
I
301.3 10

D max 12.7MPa

yB
0.15
B max
12.7 11.2MPa
c
0.17

40

Example 6.16

Neutral axis NA:

y

y A
A
i

0.01 0.25 * 0.02 2 0.1 0.2 * 0.015

0.25 * 0.02

2 * 0.2 * 0.015

0.05909m

Section property:
I x ( I x ' Ad 2 y )
3
2
1

0.25 0.02 0.25 0.02 0.04909

12

3
2
1

2
0.015 0.2 0.015 0.2 0.04091
12

42.26 10 6 m 4

Internal moment about the NA:

M 2.4* 2 1*0.05909 4.859kNM

Maximum
bending stress:

max

Mc

4.859 103 0.1409

42.26 10

16.2MPa ?

41

Determine the maximum tensile and compressive

bending stress in the part
Neutral axis NA:
y A

y
A
i

0.0175m

Section property:
I x ( I x ' Ad y2 )
0.3633 106 m 4

Bending stress:
My

I

Tensile bending stress at the bottom;

Compressive bending stress at the top.

42

Flexure Formula
1. Internal moment
reaction support force
shear force
moment diagram
2. Section property
neutral axis
parallel axis theorem
3. Bending stress
coordinate of the position

43

AER 520
Stress Analysis
6.5 Unsymmetric bending

44

Symmetric cross-section

45

Unsymmetric Bending
Principal axes: y and z
The moments of inertia are the maximum
or minimum; see A.4 for detail
Moment applied to the principal axis:
Y axis:

Z axis:

Mz

Iy
My

Iz
46

Unsymmetric Bending
Moment arbitrarily applied:
1. Moment divided to two
moments:

M z M cos
M y M sin
2. Normal stress calculation:
Mz y M yz

Iz
Iy
3. Orientation of the neutral axis NA:
Mz y M yz

0
Iz
Iy

I
y
z tan tan
z
Iy

47

Example 6.18
1. Moment divided to two moments
3
7.2kNM
5
4
12 * 9.6kNM
5

M z 12 *
My

2. Section properties:
1
3
Iz
0.2 0.4 1.067 10 3 m 4
12

Z axis is the NA

1
3
Iy
0.4 0.2 0.2667 10 3 m 4
12

3. Bending stress:
M yz
Mzy

Iz
Iy

7.2 103 0.2

1.067 10

7.2 103 0.2

1.067 10

y axis is the NA

9.6 103 0.1

0.2667 10

9.6 103 0.1

0.2667 10

2.25MPa

4.95MPa
48

Example 6.18
D 2.25MPa
E 4.95MPa
4. Orientation of neutral axis:
tan

Iz
tan
Iy

From +z toward +y

306.9; 53.1

79.4

49

Calculate the bending stress at A and B

1. The centroid location:
z

376 *12 * 6 2 150 *12 * 75

376 *12 2 150 *12

36.6mm

2. Section properties:

M z 800 cos( 60) 400Nm

M y 800 sin( 60) 692.82Nm

3. Bending stress:
Myz
Mz y

Iz
Iy

692.82 0.15 0.0366

400*0.2
A

4.38MPa
3
6
0.18869 10
16.3374 10

400 0.2

0.18869 10

692.82 0.0366
16.3374 10

1.13MPa
50

Example 6.19
1. Internal moment components:
M z 15 cos 60 7.5kN gM
M y 15 sin 60 12.99kN gM

2. Section properties:

zA 0.05 0.1 0.04 0.115 0.03 0.2

0.1 0.04 0.03 0.2

A
.089m

1
1
3
3
0.1 0.04
0.03 0.2
12
12
Z axis is the NA
20.53 10 6 m 4

Iz

1
3
2
0.04 0.1 0.04 0.1 0.89 0.5
12
1
3
2

0.3 0.03 0.3 0.03 0.115 0.89

12
Y axis is the NA
13.92 10 6 m 4

Iy

51

Example 6.19
3. Bending stress:
Myz
Mz y

Iz
Iy

B
C

7.5 0.1

20.53 10 6

20.53 10

7.5 0.02

12.99 0.041
13.92 10

74.8MPa

12.99 0.089
13.92 10 6

90.4 MPa

4. Orientation of neutral axis:

Iz
tan tan ; 60
Iy
68.6

52

Determine the force P so that

A max 180MPa
1. Internal moment components

M
M

0; M z 2 P cos 30 0

0; M y 2 P sin 30 0

M z 1.732 P
M y 1.0 P
2. Section properties:
3
1

0.01 0.2
12

Iy 2

1
3

0.015 0.01 13.3458 10 6 m 4

12
53

2. Section properties:
1
3
3
1

Iz
0.2 0.17
0.19 0.15
12
12

28.4458 10 6 m 4

3. Maximum bending stress:

Mz y M yz

Iz
Iy

M z 1.732 P
M y 1.0 P

Choose y positive and z negative: point A

180 10

1.732 P 0.085
28.4458 10

1.0 P 0.1

13.3458 10 6

P 14208 N 14.2kN
54

Determine the maximum bending stress

in the shaft with 30mm diameter.