TRANSISTOR - INTRODUCTION
BIPOLAR JUNCTION
TRANSISTOR
(BJT)
KARTHIK
AP/ECE
INTRODUCTION
Beside diodes, the most popular semiconductor devices is
transistors. Eg: Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
Transistors are more complex and can be used in many ways
Most important feature: can amplify signals and as switch
Amplification can make weak signal strong (make sounds louder
and signal levels greater), in general, provide function called Gain
TRANSISTOR
STRUCTURE
BJT is bipolar because both holes (+) and electrons (-) will take part in
the current flow through the device
N-type regions contains free electrons (negative carriers)
P-type regions contains free holes (positive carriers)
2 types of BJT
NPN transistor
PNP transistor
The transistor regions are:
Emitter (E) send the carriers into the base region and then on to the
collector
Base (B) acts as control region. It can allow none,some or many
carriers to flow
Collector (C) collects the carriers
PNP AND NPN TRANSISTOR
STRUCTURE
P
Ic(mA)
IB(A)
IC(mA)
IB(A)
IE(mA)
Arrow shows the current flows
IE(mA)
NPN Transistor Structure
The collector is lightly doped.
The base is thin and
is lightly doped.
The emitter is heavily doped.
TRANSISTOR
CONFIGURATION
Transistor configuration is a connection of transistor to get variety
operation.
3 types of configuration:
Common Collector.
Common Base.
Common Emitter
COMMON-COLLECTOR
CONFIGURATION
The input signal is applied to the base terminal and the output is
taken from the emitter terminal.
Collector terminal is common to the input and output of the circuit
Input BC
Output EC
Input = Output
COMMON-BASE CONFIGURATION
Base terminal is a common point for input and output.
Input EB
Output CB
Not applicable as an amplifier because the relation between input current
gain (IE) and output current gain (IC) is approximately 1
COMMON-EMITTER
CONFIGURATION
Emitter terminal is common for input and output circuit
Input BE
Output CE
Mostly applied in practical amplifier circuits, since it provides
good voltage, current and power gain
NPN Transistor Bias
No current flows.
The C-B junction
is reverse biased.
NPN Transistor Bias
The B-E junction
is forward biased.
Current flows.
NPN Transistor Bias
IC
Current flows
everywhere.
When both junctions
are biased....
Note that IB is smaller
than IE or IC.
IB
IE
Note: when the
switch opens, all
currents go to zero.
Although IB is smaller
it controls IE and IC.
Gain is something small
controlling something large
(IB is small).
IC
N
IB
IE
IC = 99 mA
The current gain from
base to collector
is called
IB = 1 mA
99
IC mA
1IBmA
= 99
IE = 100 mA
C
P
IC = 99 mA
Kirchhoffs
current law:
IB = 1 mA
C
P
IE = IB + IC
= 1 mA + 99 mA
= 100 mA
IE = 100 mA
IC = 99 mA
In a PNP transistor,
holes flow from
emitter to collector.
IB = 1 mA
Notice the PNP
bias voltages.
C
B
E
IE = 100 mA
NPN Schematic Symbol
Collector
Base
Memory aid: NPN
means Not Pointing iN.
C
B E
Emitter
PNP Schematic Symbol
Collector
Base
C
B E
Emitter
RECALL: NPN AND PNP BIAS
Fundamental operation of pnp transistor and npn transistor is similar except for:
role of electron and hole,
voltage bias polarity, and
Current direction
I-V CHARACTERISTICS FOR CE
CONFIGURATION : INPUT
CHARACTERISTICS
Input characteristic: input
current (IB) against input
voltage (VBE) for several output
voltage (VCE)
From the graph
IB = 0 A
VBE < 0.7V (Si)
IB = value VBE > 0.7V (Si)
The transistor turned on when
VBE = 0.7V
I-V CHARACTERISTICS FOR CE
CONFIGURATION : OUTPUT
CHARACTERISTICS
Output characteristic: output
current (IC) against output
voltage (VCE) for several
input current (IB)
3 operating regions:
Saturation region
Cut-off region
Active region
I-V CHARACTERISTICS FOR CE
CONFIGURATION : OUTPUT
CHARACTERISTICS
Saturation region in which both junctions are forward-biased and IC
increase linearly with VCE
Cut-off region where both junctions are reverse-biased, the IB is very
small, and essentially no IC flows, IC is essentially zero with increasing
VCE
Active region in which the transistor can act as a linear amplifier,
where the BE junction is forward-biased and BC junction is reversebiased. IC increases drastically although only small changes of IB.
Saturation and cut-off regions areas where the transistor can operate
as a switch
Active region area where transistor operates as an amplifier
CURRENT
RELATIONSHIPS
Relations between IC and IE :
= IC
IE
Value of usually 0.9998 to 0.9999, 1
Relations between IC and IB :
= IC @ IC = IB
IB
Value of usually in range of 50 400
The equation, IE =IC + IB can also written in
IC = IB
IE = IB + IB => IE = ( + 1)IB
The current gain factor , and is:
=
@ = .
+1
- 1
